scholarly journals Structure of the radial spoke head and insights into its role in mechanoregulation of ciliary beating

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Grossman-Haham ◽  
Nicolas Coudray ◽  
Zanlin Yu ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Radial Spoke

scholarly journals LRRC23 is a conserved component of the radial spoke that is necessary for sperm motility and male fertility in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Jiang Sun ◽  
Yonggang Lu ◽  
Jintao Zhang ◽  
Keisuke Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Radial Spoke ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Mammalian Spermatozoa

Cilia and flagella are ancient structures that achieve controlled motor functions through the coordinated interaction based on microtubules, and some attached projections. Radial spokes (RSs) facilitate the beating motion of these organelles by mediating signal transduction between dyneins and a central pair (CP) of singlet microtubules. RS complex isolation from Chlamydomonas axonemes enabled the detection of 23 radial spoke proteins (RSP1-23), with the roles of some radial spoke proteins remained unknown. Recently, RSP15 has been reported to be located to the stalk of RS2, but its homolog in mammals has not been explored. Herein, we show that Lrrc23 is an evolutionarily conserved testis-enriched gene encoding an RSP15 homolog in mice. We found that LRRC23 localizes to the RS complex within murine sperm flagella and interacts with RSPH3A/B. The knockout of Lrrc23 resulted in male infertility due to RS disorganization and impaired motility in murine spermatozoa, whereas the ciliary beating was unaffected significantly. These data indicate that LRRC23 is a key regulator underpinning the integrity of RS complex within the flagella of mammalian spermatozoa, whereas it is dispensable in cilia.

scholarly journals The I1 dynein-associated tether and tether head complex is a conserved regulator of ciliary motility

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Fu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Nhan Phan ◽  
Paulina Urbanska ◽  
Ewa Joachimiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Radial Spoke ◽  
Ciliary Motility ◽  
Dynein Motor ◽  
Axonemal Dynein ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
Mechanical Feedback

Motile cilia are essential for propelling cells and moving fluids across tissues. The activity of axonemal dynein motors must be precisely coordinated to generate ciliary motility, but their regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. The tether and tether head (T/TH) complex was hypothesized to provide mechanical feedback during ciliary beating because it links the motor domains of the regulatory I1 dynein to the ciliary doublet microtubule. Combining genetic and biochemical approaches with cryoelectron tomography, we identified FAP44 and FAP43 (plus the algae-specific, FAP43-redundant FAP244) as T/TH components. WT-mutant comparisons revealed that the heterodimeric T/TH complex is required for the positional stability of the I1 dynein motor domains, stable anchoring of CK1 kinase, and proper phosphorylation of the regulatory IC138-subunit. T/TH also interacts with inner dynein arm d and radial spoke 3, another important motility regulator. The T/TH complex is a conserved regulator of I1 dynein and plays an important role in the signaling pathway that is critical for normal ciliary motility.

scholarly journals Heme-binding protein CYB5D1 is a radial spoke component required for coordinated ciliary beating

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (17) ◽  
pp. e2015689118
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhao ◽  
Haibo Xie ◽  
Yunsi Kang ◽  
Yiwen Lin ◽  
Gai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redox State ◽  
Otic Vesicle ◽  
Heme Binding ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Radial Spoke ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Ciliary Protein ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Heme Binding Protein

Coordinated beating is crucial for the function of multiple cilia. However, the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we characterize a conserved ciliary protein CYB5D1 with a heme-binding domain and a cordon-bleu ubiquitin-like domain. Mutation or knockdown of Cyb5d1 in zebrafish impaired coordinated ciliary beating in the otic vesicle and olfactory epithelium. Similarly, the two flagella of an insertional mutant of the CYB5D1 ortholog in Chlamydomonas (Crcyb5d1) showed an uncoordinated pattern due to a defect in the cis-flagellum. Biochemical analyses revealed that CrCYB5D1 is a radial spoke stalk protein that binds heme only under oxidizing conditions. Lack of CrCYB5D1 resulted in a reductive shift in flagellar redox state and slowing down of the phototactic response. Treatment of Crcyb5d1 with oxidants restored coordinated flagellar beating. Taken together, these data suggest that CrCYB5D1 may integrate environmental and intraciliary signals and regulate the redox state of cilia, which is crucial for the coordinated beating of multiple cilia.

scholarly journals Ccdc113/Ccdc96 complex, a novel regulator of ciliary beating that connects radial spoke 3 to dynein g and the nexin link

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1009388
Author(s):  
Rafał Bazan ◽  
Adam Schröfel ◽  
Ewa Joachimiak ◽  
Martyna Poprzeczko ◽  
Gaia Pigino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Composition ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Radial Spoke ◽  
Beat Pattern ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Central Apparatus ◽  
And Function ◽  
Beating Frequency

Ciliary beating requires the coordinated activity of numerous axonemal complexes. The protein composition and role of radial spokes (RS), nexin links (N-DRC) and dyneins (ODAs and IDAs) is well established. However, how information is transmitted from the central apparatus to the RS and across other ciliary structures remains unclear. Here, we identify a complex comprising the evolutionarily conserved proteins Ccdc96 and Ccdc113, positioned parallel to N-DRC and forming a connection between RS3, dynein g, and N-DRC. Although Ccdc96 and Ccdc113 can be transported to cilia independently, their stable docking and function requires the presence of both proteins. Deletion of either CCDC113 or CCDC96 alters cilia beating frequency, amplitude and waveform. We propose that the Ccdc113/Ccdc96 complex transmits signals from RS3 and N-DRC to dynein g and thus regulates its activity and the ciliary beat pattern.

Role of the Cilia Membrane in Control of Microtubule Sliding

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 612-615
Author(s):  
Edna S. Kaneshiro
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Ciliary Membrane ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Ciliary Reversal ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Reversal Mechanism ◽  
And Function

It is currently believed that ciliary beating results from microtubule sliding which is restricted in regions to cause bending. Cilia beat can be modified to bring about changes in beat frequency, cessation of beat and reversal in beat direction. In ciliated protozoans these modifications which determine swimming behavior have been shown to be related to intracellular (intraciliary) Ca2+ concentrations. The Ca2+ levels are in turn governed by the surface ciliary membrane which exhibits increased Ca2+ conductance (permeability) in response to depolarization. Mutants with altered behaviors have been isolated. Pawn mutants fail to exhibit reversal of the effective stroke of ciliary beat and therefore cannot swim backward. They lack the increased inward Ca2+ current in response to depolarizing stimuli. Both normal and pawn Paramecium made leaky to Ca2+ by Triton extrac¬tion of the surface membrane exhibit backward swimming only in reactivating solutions containing greater than IO-6 M Ca2+ Thus in pawns the ciliary reversal mechanism itself is left operational and only the control mechanism at the membrane is affected. The topographic location of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels has been identified as a component of the ciliary mem¬brane since the inward Ca2+ conductance response is eliminated by deciliation and the return of the response occurs during cilia regeneration. Since the ciliary membrane has been impli¬cated in the control of Ca2+ levels in the cilium and therefore is the site of at least one kind of control of microtubule sliding, we have focused our attention on understanding the structure and function of the membrane.

scholarly journals Involvement of Huntingtin in Development and Ciliary Beating Regulation of Larvae of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5116
Author(s):  
Hideki Katow ◽  
Tomoko Katow ◽  
Hiromi Yoshida ◽  
Masato Kiyomoto
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Disease Protein ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus

The multiple functions of the wild type Huntington’s disease protein of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp-Htt) have been examined using the anti-Hp-Htt antibody (Ab) raised against synthetic oligopeptides. According to immunoblotting, Hp-Htt was detected as a single band at around the 350 kDa region at the swimming blastula stage to the prism larva stage. From the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL), however, an additional smaller band at the 165 kDa region appeared. Immunohistochemically, Hp-Htt was detected in the nuclei and the nearby cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells from the swimming blastula stage, and the blastocoelar cells from the mid-gastrula stage. The Ab-positive signal was converged to the ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). There, it was accompanied by several CBAS-marker proteins in the cytoplasm, such as glutamate decarboxylase. Application of Hp-Htt morpholino (Hp-Htt-MO) has resulted in shortened larval arms, accompanied by decreased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation by the ectodermal cells of the larval arms. Hp-Htt-MO also resulted in lowered ciliary beating activity, accompanied by a disordered swirling pattern formation around the body. These Hp-Htt-MO-induced deficiencies took place after the onset of CBAS system formation at the larval arms. Thus, Hp-Htt is involved in cell proliferation and the ciliary beating pattern regulation signaling system in pluteus larvae.

scholarly journals Flagellar Motility ofTrypanosoma cruziEpimastigotes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ballesteros-Rodea ◽  
M. Santillán ◽  
S. Martínez-Calvillo ◽  
R. Manning-Cela
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Flagellar Motility ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Rotational Angle ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Parasite Motility ◽  
Parasite Behavior

The hemoflagellateTrypanosoma cruziis the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis. Despite the importance of motility in the parasite life cycle, little is known aboutT. cruzimotility, and there is no quantitative description of its flagellar beating. Using video microscopy and quantitative vectorial analysis of epimastigote trajectories, we find a forward parasite motility defined by tip-to-base symmetrical flagellar beats. This motion is occasionally interrupted by base-to-tip highly asymmetric beats, which represent the ciliary beat of trypanosomatid flagella. The switch between flagellar and ciliary beating facilitates the parasite's reorientation, which produces a large variability of movement and trajectories that results in different distance ranges traveled by the cells. An analysis of the distance, speed, and rotational angle indicates that epimastigote movement is not completely random, and the phenomenon is highly dependent on the parasite behavior and is characterized by directed and tumbling parasite motion as well as their combination, resulting in the alternation of rectilinear and intricate motility paths.

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