scholarly journals A Dual-modality Smartphone Microendoscope for Quantifying the Physiological and Morphological Properties of Epithelial Tissues

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangqian Hong ◽  
Tongtong Lu ◽  
Liam Fruzyna ◽  
Bing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Dual Modality ◽  
Epithelial Tissues

Abstract We report a nonconcurrent dual-modality fiber-optic microendoscope (named SmartME) that integrates quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and high-resolution fluorescence imaging (FLI) into a smartphone platform. The FLI module has a spatial resolution of ~3.5 µm, which allows the determination of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) of epithelial tissues. The DRS has a spectral resolution of ~2 nm and can measure the total hemoglobin concentration (THC) and scattering properties of epithelial tissues with mean errors of 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively, which are comparable to the errors achieved with a benchtop spectrometer. Our preliminary in vivo studies from a single healthy human subject demonstrate that the SmartME can noninvasively quantify the tissue parameters of normal human oral mucosa tissues, including labial mucosa tissue, gingival tissue, and tongue dorsum tissue. The THCs of the three oral mucosa tissues are significantly different from each other (p ≤ 0.003). The reduced scattering coefficients of the gingival and labial tissues are significantly different from those of the tongue dorsum tissue (p < 0.001) but are not significantly different from each other. The N/Cs for all three tissue types are similar. The SmartME has great potential to be used as a portable, cost-effective, and globally connected tool to quantify the THC and scattering properties of tissues in vivo.

scholarly journals In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography of the Healthy Human Oral Mucosa: Qualitative and Quantitative Image Analysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Marius Albrecht ◽  
Christian Schnabel ◽  
Juliane Mueller ◽  
Jonas Golde ◽  
Edmund Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography

To date, there is still a lack of reliable imaging modalities to improve the quality of consultation, diagnostic and medical examinations of the oral mucosa in dentistry. Even though, optical technologies have become an important element for the detection and treatment of different diseases of soft tissue, for the case of oral screenings the evidence of the benefit in comparison to conventional histopathology is mostly still pending. One promising optical technology for oral diagnostics is optical coherence tomography (OCT). To prove the potential of OCT, even the amount of freely accessible OCT data is not sufficient to describe the variance of healthy human oral soft tissue in vivo. In order to remedy this deficiency, the present study provides in vivo OCT cross sections of the human oral mucosa of the anterior and posterior oral cavity as well as the oropharynx of 47 adult volunteers. A collection of representative OCT cross sections forms the basis for a randomized blinded image analysis by means of seven criteria to assess the main features of the superficial layers of the human oral mucosa and to determine its correlation to regional features known from hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained histology.

scholarly journals Cost-effective diffuse reflectance spectroscopy device for quantifying tissue absorption and scattering in vivo

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 060505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Yu ◽  
Justin Y. Lo ◽  
Thomas F. Kuech ◽  
Gregory M. Palmer ◽  
Janelle E. Bender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy

In-vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) of oral mucosa of normal volunteers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Hua Ko ◽  
Gen-Han Tien ◽  
Min-Jie Chuang ◽  
Tsan-Hsueh Huang ◽  
Ming-Hua Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Normal Volunteers

Clinical Application of Tissue Reflectance Spectrophotometry to Periodontal Disease

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shizukuishi ◽  
T. Hanioka ◽  
A. Tsunemitsu
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Reflectance Spectrophotometry ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Oxygen Saturation Level ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Rapid, accurate, and non-invasive measurements of hemodynamics and oxygen utilization in gingiva are clinically important in evaluation of the severity of the inflammatory response in periodontal disease. In the present study, tissue reflectance spectrophotometry was used to examine gingiva in vivo to estimate hemoglobin concentration (Hb index) and the oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin in gingiva (HbSO2 index). Reflectance spectrophotometry was also used to examine these parameters in experimental periodontitis in dogs, and in patients with periodontal disease. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the Hb index was positively correlated with hemoglobin concentration in gingival tissue. The relationship between the HbSO2 index and PO2 in gingiva was a sigmoid curve resembling the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. In rapidly advancing periodontitis resulting from ligature placement in dogs, the Hb index was significantly enhanced, but the HbSO2 index was reduced. This reduction corresponded to increases in gingival inflammation during the experiments. Furthermore, in humans, the Hb index was significantly higher in inflamed gingiva than in clinically healthy gingiva. A lower HbSO2 index was also found in inflamed gingiva. These findings are consistent with congested blood vessels, impaired venous return, and localized hypoxia in inflamed gingival tissue. Tissue reflectance spectrophotometry is clinically useful in estimating blood volume and oxygen saturation in diseased gingiva.

Induction and Differentiation of Dental Epithelium in Vivo and in Vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
E. J. Kollar
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Functional Derivatives ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Dental Epithelium ◽  
Connective Tissue Stroma

The differentiation and maintenance of many specialized epithelial structures are dependent on the underlying connective tissue stroma and on an intact basal lamina. These requirements are especially stringent in the development and maintenance of the skin and oral mucosa. The keratinization patterns of thin or thick cornified layers as well as the appearance of specialized functional derivatives such as hair and teeth can be correlated with the specific source of stroma which supports these differentiated expressions.

The CSF p-tau181/Aβ42 Ratio Offers a Good Accuracy “In Vivo” in the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Santangelo ◽  
Alessandro Dell'Edera ◽  
Arianna Sala ◽  
Giordano Cecchetti ◽  
Federico Masserini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Daily Clinical Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Csf Findings

Background: The incoming disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) require reliable diagnostic markers to correctly enroll patients all over the world. CSF AD biomarkers, namely amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), showed good diagnostic accuracy in detecting AD pathology, but their real usefulness in daily clinical practice is still a matter of debate. Therefore, further validation in complex clinical settings, that is patients with different types of dementia, is needed to uphold their future worldwide adoption. Methods: We measured CSF AD biomarkers’ concentrations in a sample of 526 patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia (277 with AD and 249 with Other Type of Dementia, OTD). Brain FDG-PET was also considered in a subsample of 54 patients with a mismatch between the clinical diagnosis and the CSF findings. Results: A p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio higher than 0.13 showed the best diagnostic performance in differentiating AD from OTD (86% accuracy index, 74% sensitivity, 81% specificity). In cases with a mismatch between clinical diagnosis and CSF findings, brain FDG-PET partially agreed with the p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio, thus determining an increase in CSF accuracy. Conclusions: The p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio alone might reliably detect AD pathology in heterogeneous samples of patients suffering from different types of dementia. It might constitute a simple, cost-effective and reproducible in vivo proxy of AD suitable to be adopted worldwide not only in daily clinical practice but also in future experimental trials, to avoid the enrolment of misdiagnosed AD patients.

Polyamines and Related Nitrogen Compounds in the Chemotherapy of Neglected Diseases Caused by Kinetoplastids

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bisceglia ◽  
Maria C. Mollo ◽  
Nadia Gruber ◽  
Liliana R. Orelli
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures

Neglected diseases due to the parasitic protozoa Leishmania and Trypanosoma (kinetoplastids) affect millions of people worldwide, and the lack of suitable treatments has promoted an ongoing drug discovery effort to identify novel nontoxic and cost-effective chemotherapies. Polyamines are ubiquitous small organic molecules that play key roles in kinetoplastid parasites metabolism, redox homeostasis and in the normal progression of cell cycles, which differ from those found in the mammalian host. These features make polyamines attractive in terms of antiparasitic drug development. The present work provides a comprehensive insight on the use of polyamine derivatives and related nitrogen compounds in the chemotherapy of kinetoplastid diseases. The amount of literature on this subject is considerable, and a classification considering drug targets and chemical structures were made. Polyamines, aminoalcohols and basic heterocycles designed to target the relevant parasitic enzyme trypanothione reductase are discussed in the first section, followed by compounds directed to less common targets, like parasite SOD and the aminopurine P2 transporter. Finally, the third section comprises nitrogen compounds structurally derived from antimalaric agents. References on the chemical synthesis of the selected compounds are reported together with their in vivo and/or in vitro IC50 values, and structureactivity relationships within each group are analyzed. Some favourable structural features were identified from the SAR analyses comprising protonable sites, hydrophobic groups and optimum distances between them. The importance of certain pharmacophoric groups or amino acid residues in the bioactivity of polyamine derived compounds is also discussed.

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