scholarly journals First instance of settlement by cryopreserved coral larvae in symbiotic association with dinoflagellates

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Cirino ◽  
Zhi-Hong Wen ◽  
Kevin Hsieh ◽  
Cheng-Liang Huang ◽  
Qi Lun Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Coral Larvae ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Characteristic Wavelength

AbstractCoral reefs are suffering on a global scale due to human impacts, thereby necessitating cryopreservation efforts. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable vitrification and laser warming protocol for larvae of the scleractinian coral Seriatopora caliendrum, which inherit their dinoflagellate algal symbionts vertically. Toxicity experiments were conducted with the cryoprotectants (CPAs) ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (METH; listed in order from least to most toxic), and larvae were subjected to vitrification and laser warming using 2 M EG + 1 M PG and 2 M EG + 1 M DMSO. Vitrification and laser warming (300 V, 10 ms pulse width, 2 mm beam diameter) using a vitrification solution of 2 M EG + 1 M PG, 40% w/v Ficoll, and 10% v/v gold nanobars (GNB) at a final concentration of 1.2 × 1018 GNB/mL and a characteristic wavelength of 535 nm resulted in larvae with vitality and settlement percentages of 55 and 9%, respectively. This represents the first successful instance of cryopreservation of coral larvae that proceeded to settle upon warming, and suggests that the vitrification and ultra-fast laser warming approach may be applicable to other threatened marine species.

scholarly journals Microbial bioenergetics of coral-algal interactions

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ty N.F. Roach ◽  
Maria L. Abieri ◽  
Emma E. George ◽  
Ben Knowles ◽  
Douglas S. Naliboff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Bioenergetic Analysis ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Thermodynamic Mechanism ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Human impacts are causing ecosystem phase shifts from coral- to algal-dominated reef systems on a global scale. As these ecosystems undergo transition, there is an increased incidence of coral-macroalgal interactions. Mounting evidence indicates that the outcome of these interaction events is, in part, governed by microbially mediated dynamics. The allocation of available energy through different trophic levels, including the microbial food web, determines the outcome of these interactions and ultimately shapes the benthic community structure. However, little is known about the underlying thermodynamic mechanisms involved in these trophic energy transfers. This study utilizes a novel combination of methods including calorimetry, flow cytometry, and optical oxygen measurements, to provide a bioenergetic analysis of coral-macroalgal interactions in a controlled aquarium setting. We demonstrate that the energetic demands of microbial communities at the coral-algal interaction interface are higher than in the communities associated with either of the macroorganisms alone. This was evident through higher microbial power output (energy use per unit time) and lower oxygen concentrations at interaction zones compared to areas distal from the interface. Increases in microbial power output and lower oxygen concentrations were significantly correlated with the ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic microbes but not the total microbial abundance. These results suggest that coral-algal interfaces harbor higher proportions of heterotrophic microbes that are optimizing maximal power output, as opposed to yield. This yield to power shift offers a possible thermodynamic mechanism underlying the transition from coral- to algal-dominated reef ecosystems currently being observed worldwide. As changes in the power output of an ecosystem are a significant indicator of the current state of the system, this analysis provides a novel and insightful means to quantify microbial impacts on reef health.

scholarly journals Algal symbionts increase oxidative damage and death in coral larvae at high temperatures

2009 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Yakovleva ◽  
AH Baird ◽  
HH Yamamoto ◽  
R Bhagooli ◽  
M Nonaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Coral Larvae ◽  
Algal Symbionts

Geochemical peat records from the Great Vasyugan Mire and Tomsk region, Siberia. Regional temporal trend of human impact over the last 500 years and local perturbations.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Hutchinson ◽  
Andrei Diaconu ◽  
Sergey Kirpotin ◽  
Angelica Feurdean
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Peat Core ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Local Perturbations ◽  
Geochemical Profile

<p>Although interest in peatland environments, especially in terms of their carbon storage, has gained momentum in response to a heightened awareness of the climate emergency; significant gaps remain in the geographical coverage of our knowledge of mires, including some major wetland systems. This paucity has implications, not only for our understanding of their development and functioning, but also for adequately predicting future changes and thus providing effective mire environmental management. Our INTERACT-supported study provides radiometrically dated, well-characterised millennial scale peat records from two contrasting undisturbed and impacted (ditched) ombrotrophic sites in the Great Vasyugan Mire (GVM) near Tomsk, Siberia and two additional mesotrophic sites to the east of the Ob river. In addition, the geochemical record was complemented by multiproxy palaeoecological characterisation (pollen, charcoal, stable isotopes, testate amoeba). We identified both natural (lithogenic) and anthropogenic geochemical signals recording human impacts with site specific variations. Elevated trace element concentrations in the peat profiles align with the region’s wider agricultural and economic development following the colonisation of Siberia by Russia (from ca. 1600 AD) when pollen assemblages indicate the decline of forest cover and an increase in human disturbance, including the use for fire. Trace element concentrations peak with the subsequent, post WWII industrialisation of regional centres in southern Siberia (after 1950 AD). On a global scale, our sites, together with evidence from the few other comparable studies in the region, suggest that the region’s peatlands are relatively uncontaminated by human activities with a mean lead (Pb) level of < 5 mg/kg. However, via lithogenic elements including Rb, Ti and Zr, we detected both a geochemical signal as a result of historical land cover changes enhancing mineral dust deposition following disturbance, as well as fossil fuel derived pollutants as relatively elevated, subsurface As and Pb concentrations of ca. 10 and 25 mg/kg respectively with the development of industry in the region. Nevertheless, the potential significance of local factors on the sites’ geochemical profile is also highlighted. For example, we identify the effects of past peat drainage for afforestation (ca. 1960s) and the scheme’s subsequent abandonment. Although the region’s mire systems are remote and vast, they appear to hold a legacy of human activity that can be detected as a geochemical signal supporting the inferences of other palaeoenvironmental proxies. Such geochemical peat core records, from Eurasia in particular, remain relatively scarce in the international scientific literature and therefore, as yet, inadequately characterised and quantified compared to other regions.</p>

scholarly journals Flexibility of nutritional strategies within a mutualism: food availability affects algal symbiont productivity in two congeneric sea anemone species

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1940) ◽  
pp. 20201860
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Bedgood ◽  
Sarah E. Mastroni ◽  
Matthew E. S. Bracken
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Algal Symbiont ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Mutualistic symbioses are common, especially in nutrient-poor environments where an association between hosts and symbionts can allow the symbiotic partners to persist and collectively out-compete non-symbiotic species. Usually these mutualisms are built on an intimate transfer of energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon and nitrogen) between host and symbiont. However, resource availability is not consistent, and the benefit of the symbiotic association can depend on the availability of resources to mutualists. We manipulated the diets of two temperate sea anemone species in the genus Anthopleura in the field and recorded the responses of sea anemones and algal symbionts in the family Symbiodiniaceae to our treatments. Algal symbiont density, symbiont volume and photosynthetic efficiency of symbionts responded to changes in sea anemone diet, but the responses depended on the species of sea anemone. We suggest that temperate sea anemones and their symbionts can respond to changes in anemone diet, modifying the balance between heterotrophy and autotrophy in the symbiosis. Our data support the hypothesis that symbionts are upregulated or downregulated based on food availability, allowing for a flexible nutritional strategy based on external resources.

A Parameters Optimization of the CO2 Laser Drilling Process for HDI Microvia Fabrication

2012 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Zuo Hu ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Wei Dong Xue ◽  
Zhi Hua Tao ◽  
Yu Xing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Experimental Parameter ◽  
Laser Drilling ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Via Holes

The blind via holes formation by laser drilling is one of the key technologies for demanding high density interconnect printed circuit boards. In this paper , the drilling conditions of drilling the blind via holes and the quality of the drilled holes are examined using a CO2 laser source against the FR4 board without copper foil.We chose laser energy,pulse shot,pulse width and diameter of beam as the experimental parameter . The results showed that laser energy and beam diameter played a more important role on changing the blind vias’ diameter than pulse shot and pulse width .While the pulse shot and pulse width take more important role in changing the depth of vias.

scholarly journals Costs and benefits of maternally inherited algal symbionts in coral larvae

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1857) ◽  
pp. 20170852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie F. Chamberland ◽  
Kelly R. W. Latijnhouwers ◽  
Jef Huisman ◽  
Aaron C. Hartmann ◽  
Mark J. A. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Hedging Strategy ◽  
Coral Larvae ◽  
Stony Coral ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Settlement Success ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae

Many marine invertebrates provide their offspring with symbionts. Yet the consequences of maternally inherited symbionts on larval fitness remain largely unexplored. In the stony coral Favia fragum (Esper 1797), mothers produce larvae with highly variable amounts of endosymbiotic algae, and we examined the implications of this variation in symbiont density on the performance of F. fragum larvae under different environmental scenarios. High symbiont densities prolonged the period that larvae actively swam and searched for suitable settlement habitats. Thermal stress reduced survival and settlement success in F. fragum larvae, whereby larvae with high symbiont densities suffered more from non-lethal stress and were five times more likely to die compared with larvae with low symbiont densities. These results show that maternally inherited algal symbionts can be either beneficial or harmful to coral larvae depending on the environmental conditions at hand, and suggest that F. fragum mothers use a bet-hedging strategy to minimize risks associated with spatio-temporal variability in their offspring's environment.

A new look at age and area: the geographic and environmental expansion of genera during the Ordovician Radiation

Paleobiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
New Look

Although available paleobiological data indicate that the geographic ranges of marine species are maintained throughout their entire observable durations, other evidence suggests, by contrast, that the ranges of higher taxa expand as they age, perhaps in association with increased species richness. Here, I utilize a database of Ordovician genus occurrences collected from the literature for several paleocontinents to demonstrate that a significant aging of the global biota during the Ordovician Radiation was accompanied by a geographic and environmental expansion of genus ranges. The proportion of genera occurring in two or more paleocontinents in the database, and two or more environmental zones within a six-zone onshore-offshore framework, increased significantly in the Caradocian and Ashgillian. Moreover, widespread genera tended to be significantly older than their endemic counterparts, suggesting a direct link between their ages and their environmental and geographic extents. Expansion in association with aging was corroborated further by demonstrating this pattern directly among genera that ranged from the Tremadocian through the Ashgillian. Taken together, these results are significant not only for what they reveal about the kinetics of a major, global-scale diversification, but also for what they suggest about the interpretation of relationships between diversity trends at the α (within-community) and β (between-community) levels.

scholarly journals The global ocean size-spectrum from bacteria to whales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A Hatton ◽  
Ryan F Heneghan ◽  
Yinon M Bar-On ◽  
Eric D Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Aquatic Biomass ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
Wet Weight

It has long been hypothesized that aquatic biomass is evenly distributed among logarithmic body mass size-classes. Although this community structure has been observed locally among plankton groups, its generality has never been formally tested across all marine life, nor have its impacts by humans been broadly assessed. Here, we bring together data at the global scale to test the hypothesis from bacteria to whales. We find that biomass within most order of magnitude size-classes is indeed remarkably constant, near 1 Gt wet weight (10^15 grams), but that bacteria and whales are markedly above and below this value, respectively. Furthermore, human impacts have significantly truncated the upper one-third of the spectrum. Size-spectrum theory has yet to provide an explanation for what is possibly life's largest scale regularity.

A geochemical peat record from the Great Vasyugan Mire, Tomsk, Siberia evidencing a regionally coherent pattern of human impact over the last five centuries.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Hutchinson ◽  
Andrei Diaconu ◽  
Sergey Kirpotin ◽  
Angelica Feurdean
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Peat Core ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Spatial Coverage

<p>Interest in peatland environments, especially in terms of their carbon storage, has increased markedly in response to the heightened awareness of future, global climatic conditions. However, significant gaps remain in the spatial coverage of our knowledge of mires; including some major wetland systems. This paucity has implications, not only for our understanding of their origins, development and functioning, but also for adequately predicting future changes and providing scientifically based recommendations for mire environmental management. Our INTERACT-supported study provides a radiometrically dated, well-characterised millennial-scale peat record from two contrasting undisturbed and impacted (ditched) sites, respectively in the Great Vasyugan Mire (GVM) near Tomsk, Siberia, which is reputedly the largest peat system in the world. In addition to their palaeoecological characterisation, we identified both natural (lithogenic) and anthropogenic geochemical signals recording human impacts with site-specific variations. Elevated trace element concentrations in both peat profiles align with the time frame of the region’s wider agricultural and economic development with the annexation of Siberia by Russia (from ca. 1600 AD) when pollen assemblage characteristics suggest a decline in forest cover and an increase in herbaceous plants associated with human disturbance. Trace element concentrations peak with the subsequent industrialisation of centres around the Ob river (after ca. 1950 AD). On a global scale, our sites, together with evidence from the few other comparable studies in the region, suggest that the GVM is relatively uncontaminated by human activities with a mean lead (Pb) level of < 4 mg/kg. However, via lithogenic elements including Rb, Ti and Zr we detected both a geochemical signal as a result of historical land cover changes, which enhanced mineral dust deposition following disturbance, as well as fossil fuel derived pollutants, as relatively elevated, subsurface As and Pb concentrations of ca. 10 and 25 mg/kg respectively, with the development of industry in the region. Moreover, we identify the local effects of drainage for afforestation (ca. 1960s) on the peat profile. At the impacted site, which was ditched, but subsequently abandoned, the influence of arrested peat growth on the site’s geochemical depth profile highlights the potential significance of local factors. Although relatively remote and vast, the GVM appears to hold a legacy of human activity that can be detected as a geochemical signal supporting the inferences of other palaeoenvironmental proxies. Such geochemical peat core records, from Eurasia in particular, remain relatively scarce in the international scientific literature. Therefore, our study contributes to an understanding of a less well known and, as yet, inadequately characterised and quantified region. </p>

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