DERIVATION OF A NEW EQUATION FOR CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS CORRESPONDING TO DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

This paper deals with a new approach in the formation of periods in the Mendeleevs Periodic Table. Using a newly suggested formula and newly suggested quantum states for the external electron shells of atoms of chemical elements, the author proposed the reconfiguration of periods in the Mendeleevs table. The reducing of the number of periods in the table is assumed, andthe material represented in the paper proves it.The following order of formation of electron layers is suggested: the principle quantum number (n), followed by the quantum state of electrons (first and second) which constitute the electron configurations of subperiods, and only after that - the remaining quantum orbitals (s, d, f, and p).

Accurate Assessment of Joule-Thomson Inversion Temperature at Zero Pressure of Imperfect Gases

Background: The aim of this work is to propose an approach for estimating the Joule-Thomson coefficient as an important parameter necessary to the study of changes in fluid temperature at a given change in pressure at constant enthalpy. Objective: The analytical approach presented in this work is very appropriate for detailed studies of the Joule-Thomson inversion temperature at zero pressure for arbitrary temperature values. Methods: A new approach is suggested for the accurate determination of the Joule-Thomson inversion temperature at zero pressure using the virial coefficient of the Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential. Results: The usefulness and efficiency of the method are tested by application to various gase Ar, He,Ne,H2,O2,CO2CO,CH4,Xe, Kr,N2 and Air. The results obtained are in good agreement with other approximation and experimental data. Conclusion: The suggested formula enables correct and rapid calculation of the JT inversion temperature at zero pressure.

A simplified formula for determination of relative pressure in the precision forging of spur gears

In this study, the relative forging pressures of spur gears were evaluated. The precision forging of spur gears was analyzed by using the upper bound method considering corner filling and bulging effect. Numerical and experimental studies were performed to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as the number of teeth, modules, facewidth, bore diameter, and friction factor on the relative forging pressure of spur gears. The results were compared with the previous studies and a simplified formula was suggested to predict the relative pressure of precision forging of spur gears. The predicted relative forging pressures obtained by the suggested formula are shown much closer to the experimental results for the complete filling of the die cavity.

Determination of the Annual Optimal Reliable Frequency for Different Transmitter/Receiver Stations Distributed over the Iraqi Territory

This paper aimed to determine the Optimal Reliable Frequency (ORF) that can maintain certain connection link between different transmitter/receiver stations laid over the Iraqi territory. Three different transmitting sites were chosen as tested stations located in the northern, central, and southern regions of Iraq. These sites are Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra, respectively. In this study, the years 2009 and 2014, which represent the minimum and maximum years of solar cycle 24, were chosen to examine the effect of low and high solar activity on the determined ORF. The datasets of the Best Usable Frequency (BUF) were calculated using the ASAPS international communication model. An analytical study was made on the generated BUF parameter dataset of the annual time for the adopted years. Also, an analytical simulation was made for the suggested ORF parameter depending on the BUF parameter datasets. The results of this simulation showed that the suggested ORF parameter can be represented by polynomial equation of different orders. The suggested formula was determined depending on different tested parameters (path length, bearing, time (day) and BUF values). For this purpose, a certain program was built using a visual basic programing language (VB6). The suggested ORF parameter was investigated for the annual time for the three sites of the years 2009 and 2014.

Thermal buckling of ballasted tangent track

Euler type analysis usually used for compression members in structural engineering does not work for railroad track. Euler type analytical formulas for horizontal and vertical buckling endorsed in a recent literature is reviewed to demonstrate its weakness. Using definition of moment and curvature as well as principle of equilibrium, the author suggests formula for horizontal buckling load of railroad track and demonstrates validation in context with currently accepted values, published results, and past field tests. The buckling load from suggested formula agrees with the recent buckling load formula based on total energy theorem. A formula is suggested to study the effect of misalignment on critical temperature differential or critical load. A vertical buckling load formula is derived from horizontal buckling load formula. A buckling process is narrated through step by step computation. Formulas are suggested to compute the effect of track misalignment on critical buckling load and threshold radius of a vertical curve.

Analytical evaluation of moments of collision-induced scattering with Lennard-Jones (2n-n) potential

In this work, an analytic expression for the moment of the collision-induced scattering with Lennard-Jones (2n-n) potential, defining the collision induced polarizability of molecules, is presented. It has been demonstrated that this expression gives accurate results for various values of parameters. The proposed analytical formula has been confirmed through comparisons with the results literature. Because of its computational efficiency, the suggested formula is found utility in the collision-induced polarizability in the molecular system. To our knowledge, this paper presents the first approach to the evaluation of the first two moments for collision-induced scattering of molecules by Lennard-Jones (2n-n) potential. The results obtained for the moment of collision-induced scattering for values n = 6 is in good agreement with literature.

Freeze-Dried Clopidogrel Loaded Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Box-Behnken Optimization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation

Background: Clopidogrel (CLP) suffers from extensive first pass metabolism results in a negative impact on its oral systemic bioavailability. Cubosomes are Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline (LLC) nano-systems comprising monoolein, a steric stabilizer and an aqueous system, it considered a promising carrier for different pharmaceutical compounds. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) is an efficient tool for process analysis and optimization skipping forceful treatment combinations. Objective: The study was designed to develop freeze-dried clopidogrel loaded LLC (cubosomes) for enhancement of its oral bioavailability. Methods: A 33 BBD was adopted, the studied independent factors were glyceryl monooleate (GMO lipid phase), Pluronic F127 (PL F127steric stabilizer) and polyvinyl alcohol powder (stabilizer). Particle Size (PS), Polydispersity Index (PDI) and Zeta Potential (ZP) were set as independent response variables. Seventeen formulae were prepared in accordance with the bottom up approach and in-vitro evaluated regarding PS, PDI and ZP. Statistical analysis and optimization were achieved using design expert software®, then the optimum suggested formula was prepared, in-vitro revaluated, freeze-dried with 3% mannitol (cryoprotectant), solid state characterized and finally packed in hard gelatin capsule for comparative in-vitro release and in-vivo evaluation to Plavix®. Results: Results of statistical analysis of each individual response revealed a quadratic model for PS and PDI where a linear model for ZP. The optimum suggested formula with desirability factor equal 0.990 consisting of (200 mg GMO, 78.15 mg PL F127 and 2% PVA). LC/MS/MS study confirmed significant higher C>max, AUC>0-24h and AUC>0-∞ than that of Plavix®. Conclusion: The results confirm the capability of developed carrier to overcome the low oral bioavailability.

The Influence and Persuasion in The Prophet Muhammad's (peace blessings be upon him) Style

The goals of the paper: This paper aims at recognizing the following: 1-the pedagogical methods of the prophet Muhammad (peace be blessings upon him) in influence and persuasion. 2-the pedagogical methods of the prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) in influence on the individuals and how to direct them educationally and adjust their delinquent behavior. The Findings of the Paper It is very important to identify the prophetic educational principles with their study and application especially when the prophet succeeded to find a great generation that led the whole humanity to the path of security and stability after it was in wrongdoing, delusion and deviation. This study comes to support the educator so that he up-brings of himself and to know the educational principles of the prophet (peace be upon him) in the influence and persuasion in guiding and adjusting their delinquent behavior. In this frame of getting away from the from the correct understanding of the truth of the prophetic biography through his principles of persuasion of the educator and influencing them accompanied by the prophet's behavior who was a Quran walks on earth. Besides, the absence of the sound principles and getting away from the correct approach of the prophet (peace be upon him) in his followers was the motivation after this research paper The Influence and Persuasion in the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) Style. It intends to show and find a suggested formula to make use of the prophet's style in education to uplift our youths to the level of the righteous predecessors (may Allah be pleased with them) in the prophetic age or close to it. I pray to Allah the almighty to grant me the success and rectitude.

Formula Type of Local Scour Depth on Spur Dike Nose

This passage introduces the formation process of scour hole, analyzes the main factors contributed to the local scour hole’s depth and classifies today’s calculation methods of scour depth into three categories. Then, given the conditions where those methods can be applied and drawbacks of those methods, this article also recommends some suggested formula in calculation.