scholarly journals The genetic legacy of fragmentation and overexploitation in the threatened medicinal African pepper-bark tree, Warburgia salutaris

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annae M. Senkoro ◽  
Pedro Talhinhas ◽  
Fernanda Simões ◽  
Paula Batista-Santos ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe pepper-bark tree (Warburgia salutaris) is one of the most highly valued medicinal plant species worldwide. Native to southern Africa, this species has been extensively harvested for the bark, which is widely used in traditional health practices. Illegal harvesting coupled with habitat degradation has contributed to fragmentation of populations and a severe decline in its distribution. Even though the species is included in the IUCN Red List as Endangered, genetic data that would help conservation efforts and future re-introductions are absent. We therefore developed new molecular markers to understand patterns of genetic diversity, structure, and gene flow of W. salutaris in one of its most important areas of occurrence (Mozambique). In this study, we have shown that, despite fragmentation and overexploitation, this species maintains a relatively high level of genetic diversity supporting the existence of random mating. Two genetic groups were found corresponding to the northern and southern locations. Our study suggests that, if local extinctions occurred in Mozambique, the pepper-bark tree persisted in sufficient numbers to retain a large proportion of genetic diversity. Management plans should concentrate on maintaining this high level of genetic variability through both in and ex-situ conservation actions.

Expanding community support in genetic diversity management

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Bert Visser ◽  
Hilton Mbozi ◽  
Patrick Kasasa ◽  
Anita Dohar ◽  
Rene Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management

Genetic diversity of mocó cotton (Gossypium hirsutum race marie-galante) from the northeast of Brazil: implications for conservation

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes ◽  
Paulo Augusto Vianna Barroso ◽  
Lúcia Vieira Hoffmann ◽  
Valeska Silva Lucena ◽  
Marc Giband
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Extinction Process ◽  
Total Genetic Diversity ◽  
High Level

Mocó cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum  L. race marie-galante (Watt) Hutch.) is a potential source of valuable alleles for breeding programs, mainly because of its great adaptability to semi-arid conditions. With the aim of quantifying mocó cotton genetic variability, 187 plants collected in the northeast of Brazil were evaluated using 12 microsatellite markers. A total of 62 alleles were amplified, ranging from three to eight polymorphic alleles per locus. Total genetic diversity was high (0.52), and when measured on a per state basis, was of 0.37 on average. The population showed a low level of heterozygozity (HO = 0.16), reflecting a high level of endogamy (FIS = 0.67). Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method revealed that plants sampled in different states tended to cluster according to their geographic origin, except for those collected in the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, which grouped together. Plants from the state of Piauí formed two groups, one with an apparent allelic contribution from G. barbadense, while the second group of plants was closer to those from the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. Despite the high genetic diversity that was observed in the remaining populations, urgent conservation efforts should be undertaken, owing to the high level of endogamy and accelerated extinction process that characterizes these populations. Such efforts should focus on the collection and ex situ maintenance of representative genetic diversity.

Hydropower reservoir reduces Great Argus Argusianus argus density in proximity to its shore

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
TIWA ONG-IN ◽  
TOMMASO SAVINI
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Line Transects ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hydropower Reservoir

Summary Habitat degradation due to hydropower development within protected areas has a marked negative effect on resident wildlife species. However, efforts to develop appropriate conservation and management plans are hampered by a general lack of quantitative information and a poor understanding of relevant ecological constraints. Great Argus Argusianus argus, a large galliform species sensitive to habitat degradation, can reflect the impacts of the Chiew Larn reservoir in southern Thailand on local wildlife. Great Argus abundance in the remaining lowland areas of Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary (KSWS) was estimated using line transects along the Chiew Larn reservoir edges and in the forest interior between February and April 2017. The population estimate for KSWS was 108 individuals (95% CI: 41–272) based on the sampled area of 18.06 km2, with a density estimate of 5.9 calling males/km2. The abundance increased with increased distance from the reservoir shoreline, which might be related to the high level of direct and indirect human disturbance close to the hydropower reservoir.

scholarly journals Fine-Level Genetic Structure of White Pine Blister Rust Populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1187-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hamelin ◽  
Mathieu Dusabenyagasani ◽  
Khalid Et-touil
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
High Level

The fine-level genetic structure of the white pine blister rust agent, Cronartium ribicola, was investigated by sampling multiple monokaryotic spermogonia directly on cankers in four eastern Canadian white pine (Pinus strobus) plantations and assessing genetic variability, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Ninety-eight percent of the cankers surveyed contained a single DNA haplotype, suggesting spermogonia within cankers are the result of clonal reproduction. A single canker contained two haplotypes that were divided between the upper and lower parts of the canker, suggesting it represented two confluent cankers. In contrast, genotypic diversity was high among cankers. Thirty-seven haplotypes were found among forty-three cankers sampled, and an analysis of molecular variance indicated that 93% (P < 0.001) of the total genetic diversity was attributable to sampling of different cankers, strongly suggesting that multiple infections do not take place in the white pine blister rust pathosystem, i.e., a canker is the result of infection by a single genotype. This result is in contrast with the high level of genetic diversity previously reported among dikaryotic aecidia within cankers and is consistent with the hypothesis that variability in the aecidial stage is the result of outcrossing between resident spermogonia and alien spermatia. The genetic structure of the spermogonial stage, which is the vegetative extension of infection by basidiospores and, therefore, the indirect result of meiosis, was consistent with random mating; the observed genotypic diversity was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the genotypic diversity expected under the assumption of panmixis. The results indicate that monokaryotic cankers can be genotyped by sampling a single unopened spermogonia per canker.

Development of national animal genetic resource programs

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Animal Genetic Resource ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management

Globally, animal genetic resources are contracting due to economic forces. As a result, during the 1990s there was a dramatic increase in national animal genetic resource activities. Many national programmes were initiated and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations played a prominent role in coalescing national actions. Nationally, programmes have been initiated that comprise of in situ, ex situ and information-exchange efforts. A critical element to national conservation efforts is the development of cryopreserved collections of germplasm. Several countries have initiated substantial multispecies collections of cryopreserved germplasm. The selection of animals within breeds of interest is an important consideration in building cryopreserved collections. Animal selection should be based on a lack of genetic relationship, with sufficient numbers of animals to ensure the capture of rare alleles. Major issues facing repository development and genetic conservation are: (1) that all breeds are in need of genetic diversity management; (2) a better understanding of in situ breed population dynamics is needed; and (3) the concept that repository collections can be used by a broad range of clientele across time as well as during emergency situations.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity Management of Moroccan Captive-Bred Houbaras

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Amal Korrida ◽  
Brahim Benameur ◽  
Karim Filali ◽  
Sami Jamil Jadallah
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management

scholarly journals Omics approaches for conservation biology research on the bivalve Chamelea gallina

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Carducci ◽  
Maria Assunta Biscotti ◽  
Emiliano Trucchi ◽  
Maria Elisa Giuliani ◽  
Stefania Gorbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Local Fluctuations ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Chamelea Gallina ◽  
High Level

Abstract The striped venus (Chamelea gallina) is an important economic resource in the Mediterranean Basin; this species has exhibited a strong quantitative decline in the Adriatic Sea. The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive view of the biological status of C. gallina to elucidate the bioecological characteristics and genetic diversity of wild populations. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation is the first to perform a multidisciplinary study on C. gallina based on two omics approaches integrated with histological, ecotoxicological, and chemical analyses and with the assessment of environmental parameters. The results obtained through RNA sequencing indicated that the striped venus has a notable ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Moreover, the stock reduction exhibited by this species in the last 2 decades seems not to have negatively affected its genetic diversity. Indeed, the high level of genetic diversity that emerged from our ddRAD dataset analyses is ascribable to the high larval dispersal rate, which might have played a “compensatory role” on local fluctuations, conferring to this species a good adaptive potential to face the environmental perturbations. These findings may facilitate the efforts of conservation biologists to adopt ad hoc management plans for this fishery resource.

scholarly journals Research Genetic diversity of Ottelia acuminata (Hydrocharitaceae) from the Eastern Himalayas, revealed by ISSR markers

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlin Long ◽  
Zhutan Jiang ◽  
Zhiling Dao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Eastern Himalayas ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
High Level

Ottelia acuminata (Gagnep.) Dandy (Hydrocharitaceae), an endangered aquatic species, was investigated in the Eastern Himalayas, especially in Yunnan Province of Southwest China. The genetic diversity among seven populations was examined using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification markers. The field survey showed that 43.5% natural populations of O. acuminata have become extinct during the last 30 years. Among 13 remaining wild populations, eight (61.5%) are on the edge of extinction and only five (38.5%) were unaffected. For the study on seven populations based on ten primers, 147 clear and reproducible DNA fragments were generated, of which 144 (97.96%) were polymorphic. Within populations, however, the polymorphic bands (PPB) generated by ISSRs was 53 and occupied 36.05% in population B, and similarly within population J (51 and 34.69%, respectively). The results showed that genetic variation is much higher among populations of O. acuminata than within populations. Analyses of Nei’s gene diversity, genetic distance and Shannon’s index also agreed with these results. The average value of Nei’s gene diversity (h) equaled 0.3710. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) equaled 0.5487, which means that 54.87% of the total molecular variance existed among populations. Such a high level of divergence present among populations may be caused by the complex topography and separated habitats which effectively restrict gene flow. Moreover, there is a lack of significant association between genetic and geographical distances (r = 0.28889, P > 0.05) in the populations of O. acuminata. Therefore, we proposed an appropriate strategy for conserving the genetic resources of O. acuminata in the Eastern Himalayas; namely, rescuing and conserving the core populations in situ, while selecting and preserving more populations with fewer individuals from each population ex situ. Key-words: Ottelia acuminata, genetic diversity, conservation, Eastern Himalayas, Yunnan Plateau, China DOI: 10.3126/botor.v7i0.4374Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2010) 7: 56-63

scholarly journals Characterization of trees, fruits and genetic diversity in natural populations of mangaba

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Veruska Cruz da Silva ◽  
Julie Anne Espíndola Amorim ◽  
Marina Ferreira da Vitória ◽  
Ana da Silva Ledo ◽  
Allivia Rouse Carregosa Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Issr Primers

ABSTRACT The state of Sergipe is the largest mangaba producer, which is a fruit native to Brazil, and has cultural, social and economic importance in its area of occurrence. It is an endangered species due to human actions, and despite its economic potential, there are still no commercial plantations. The study was carried out in order to characterize trees, fruits and the genetic diversity of natural populations of mangaba in Sergipe, Brazil. Fruits from Abaís Beach/Estância (AB) presented, on average, twice the vitamin C content (414.81 mg of vit. C/100g), when compared with the others. The use of ISSR primers was efficient in estimating the genetic similarity of populations. The primers clustered the populations of mangaba according to their origin, which indicates the genetic diversity of mangaba and their isolation. The results can be used to guide the selection of individuals in situ and ex situ conservation actions of these genetic resources.

Genetic variability and structure of Gomortega keule (Molina) Baillon (Gomortegaceae) relict populations: geographical and genetic fragmentation and its implications for conservation

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1299-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolando García-Gonzáles ◽  
Basilio Carrasco ◽  
Patricio Peñailillo ◽  
Luis Letelier ◽  
Raúl Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gomortega Keule ◽  
Entire Distribution

Gomortega keule (Molina) Baillon is a rare Chilean species classified as endangered and currently under conservation. Currently, conservation of this species is carried out by private companies and government agencies, but is done so based more on pragmatic criteria than scientifically based strategies. In this context, information concerning the genetic variability of the species among the different populations over its entire distribution range is incomplete, making it difficult to coordinate management and conservation strategies. Here we report a study to evaluate the genetic variability and population structure of G. keule over its entire distribution in Chile. Twenty-five ISSR primers for 223 individuals from 11 geographical populations were tested to evaluate genetic variability. Results showed a high level of genetic diversity for the species. A high level of genetic differentiation among populations was found, while genetic structure of the geographic populations was also shown by using STRUCTURE 2.1 software. Despite the fact that this species has been highly affected by human intervention and habitat destruction, a high level of genetic diversity was present. A likely explanation for this is that it reflects the previous distribution of this long-lived species and the current lack of sexual regeneration. Genetic diversity data must be considered in the development of a management strategy for further developing the protected areas, for identifying isolated small populations for conservation, and using larger populations with higher genetic diversity as seed sources for ex situ propagation and replanting.

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