scholarly journals Omics approaches for conservation biology research on the bivalve Chamelea gallina

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Carducci ◽  
Maria Assunta Biscotti ◽  
Emiliano Trucchi ◽  
Maria Elisa Giuliani ◽  
Stefania Gorbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Local Fluctuations ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Chamelea Gallina ◽  
High Level

Abstract The striped venus (Chamelea gallina) is an important economic resource in the Mediterranean Basin; this species has exhibited a strong quantitative decline in the Adriatic Sea. The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive view of the biological status of C. gallina to elucidate the bioecological characteristics and genetic diversity of wild populations. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation is the first to perform a multidisciplinary study on C. gallina based on two omics approaches integrated with histological, ecotoxicological, and chemical analyses and with the assessment of environmental parameters. The results obtained through RNA sequencing indicated that the striped venus has a notable ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Moreover, the stock reduction exhibited by this species in the last 2 decades seems not to have negatively affected its genetic diversity. Indeed, the high level of genetic diversity that emerged from our ddRAD dataset analyses is ascribable to the high larval dispersal rate, which might have played a “compensatory role” on local fluctuations, conferring to this species a good adaptive potential to face the environmental perturbations. These findings may facilitate the efforts of conservation biologists to adopt ad hoc management plans for this fishery resource.

scholarly journals The genetic legacy of fragmentation and overexploitation in the threatened medicinal African pepper-bark tree, Warburgia salutaris

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annae M. Senkoro ◽  
Pedro Talhinhas ◽  
Fernanda Simões ◽  
Paula Batista-Santos ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Genetic Diversity Management ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe pepper-bark tree (Warburgia salutaris) is one of the most highly valued medicinal plant species worldwide. Native to southern Africa, this species has been extensively harvested for the bark, which is widely used in traditional health practices. Illegal harvesting coupled with habitat degradation has contributed to fragmentation of populations and a severe decline in its distribution. Even though the species is included in the IUCN Red List as Endangered, genetic data that would help conservation efforts and future re-introductions are absent. We therefore developed new molecular markers to understand patterns of genetic diversity, structure, and gene flow of W. salutaris in one of its most important areas of occurrence (Mozambique). In this study, we have shown that, despite fragmentation and overexploitation, this species maintains a relatively high level of genetic diversity supporting the existence of random mating. Two genetic groups were found corresponding to the northern and southern locations. Our study suggests that, if local extinctions occurred in Mozambique, the pepper-bark tree persisted in sufficient numbers to retain a large proportion of genetic diversity. Management plans should concentrate on maintaining this high level of genetic variability through both in and ex-situ conservation actions.

Assessment of genetic variability amongst cultivated populations of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) detected by ISSR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karishma Kashyap ◽  
Rasika M. Bhagwat ◽  
Sofia Banu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Indian Food ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
High Level

Abstract Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a commercial mandarin variety grown in northeast India and one of the 175 Indian food items included in the global first food atlas. The cultivated plantations of Khasi mandarin grown prominently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast India, have been genetically eroded. The lack in the efforts for conservation of genetic variability in this mandarin variety prompted diversity analysis of Khasi mandarin germplasm across the region. Thus, the study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and partitioning of the genetic variations within and among 92 populations of Khasi mandarin collected from 10 cultivated sites in Kamrup and Kamrup (M) districts of Assam, India, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The amplification of genomic DNA with 17 ISSR primers yielded 216 scorable DNA amplicons of which 177 (81.94%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39 per primer. The total genetic diversity (HT = 0.28 ± 0.03) was close to the diversity within the population (HS = 0.20 ± 0.01). A high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST = 0.29) reflected a high level of gene flow (Nm = 1.22), indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 78% of intra-population differentiation, 21% among the population and 1% among the districts. The obtained results indicate the existence of a high level of genetic diversity in the cultivated Khasi mandarin populations, indicating the need for preservation of each existing population to revive the dying out orchards in northeast India.

scholarly journals The YadA Protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Mediates High-Efficiency Uptake into Human Cells under Environmental Conditions in Which Invasin Is Repressed

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 4880-4891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Eitel ◽  
Petra Dersch
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Uptake Process ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The YadA protein is a major adhesin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that promotes tight adhesion to mammalian cells by binding to extracellular matrix proteins. In this study, we first addressed the possibility of competitive interference of YadA and the major invasive factor invasin and found that expression of YadA in the presence of invasin affected neither the export nor the function of invasin in the outer membrane. Furthermore, expression of YadA promoted both bacterial adhesion and high-efficiency invasion entirely independently of invasin. Antibodies against fibronectin and β1 integrins blocked invasion, indicating that invasion occurs via extracellular-matrix-dependent bridging between YadA and the host cell β1 integrin receptors. Inhibitor studies also demonstrated that tyrosine and Ser/Thr kinases, as well as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, are involved in the uptake process. Further expression studies revealed that yadA is regulated in response to several environmental parameters, including temperature, ion and nutrient concentrations, and the bacterial growth phase. In complex medium, YadA production was generally repressed but could be induced by addition of Mg2+. Maximal expression of yadA was obtained in exponential-phase cells grown in minimal medium at 37°C, conditions under which the invasin gene is repressed. These results suggest that YadA of Y. pseudotuberculosis constitutes another independent high-level uptake pathway that might complement other cell entry mechanisms (e.g., invasin) at certain sites or stages during the infection process.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of genetic diversity in population of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Hamouda
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Dna Pattern ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rapd And Issr

Abstract Background Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is a medicinal plant of unique pharmaceutical properties in the treatment of liver disorders and diabetic nephropathy. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE) and molecular markers such as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) technologies were used in this work to detect genetic diversity of 14 collections of Silybum marianum population in Egypt. Results The electrophoretic pattern of seed protein gave different molecular weight bands, ranging from 24 to 111 KDa with the presence of unique bands. RAPD results revealed a high level of polymorphism (73.2%) using 12 RAPD primers, but only eight of them gave reproducible polymorphic DNA pattern. Sixteen primers were used in the ISSR method; only ten of them yielded clearly identifiable bands. The percentage of polymorphism is about 80% of the studied samples. Conclusion The obtained data confirmed that SDS-protein, RAPD, and ISSR markers are important tools for genetic analysis for Silybum marianum and recommended to give accurate results.

scholarly journals Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes of the Halophytic Plant Kalidium schrenkianum

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Xiang Sun ◽  
Zhi-Dong Zhang ◽  
Qi-Yong Tang ◽  
Mei-Ying Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Root Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Geochemical Factors ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Endophytic bacteria and fungi colonize plants that grow in various types of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Our study investigates the communities of endophytic bacteria and fungi of halophyte Kalidium schrenkianum growing in stressed habitats with ionizing radiation. The geochemical factors and radiation (at low, medium, high level and control) both affected the structure of endophytic communities. The bacterial class Actinobacteria and the fungal class Dothideomycetes predominated the endophytic communities of K. schrenkianum. Aerial tissues of K. schrenkianum had higher fungal diversity, while roots had higher bacterial diversity. Radiation had no significant effect on the abundance of bacterial classes. Soil pH, total nitrogen, and organic matter showed significant effects on the diversity of root endophytes. Radiation affected bacterial and fungal community structure in roots but not in aerial tissues, and had a strong effect on fungal co-occurrence networks. Overall, the genetic diversity of both endophytic bacteria and fungi was higher in radioactive environments, however negative correlations were found between endophytic bacteria and fungi in the plant. The genetic diversity of both endophytic bacteria and fungi was higher in radioactive environments. Our findings suggest that radiation affects root endophytes, and that the endophytes associated with aerial tissues and roots of K. schrenkianum follow different mechanisms for community assembly and different paradigms in stress response.

Countering Threats

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Margarita Jaitner
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mobile Web ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
High Level

The increased adoption of social media has presented security and law enforcement authorities with significant new challenges. For example, the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) asserts that a large proportion of radicalization takes place in open fora online. Still, approaches to contain social media-driven challenges to security, particularly in democratic societies, remain little explored. Nonetheless, this type of knowledge may become relevant in European countries in the near future: Amongst other factors, the challenging economic situation has resulted in increased public discontent leading to emergence or manifestation of groups that seek to challenge the existing policies by almost any means. Use of social media multiplies the number of vectors that need law enforcement attention. First, a high level of social media adaption allows groups to reach and attract a wider audience. Unlike previously, many groups today consist of a large but very loosely connected network. This lack of cohesion can present a challenge for authorities, to identify emerging key actors and assess threat levels. Second, a high level of mobile web penetration has allowed groups to ad-hoc organize, amend plans and redirect physical activities. Third, the tool social media is as not exclusive to potential perpetrators of unlawful action, but is as well available to law enforcement authorities. Yet, efficient utilization of social media requires a deep understanding of its nature and a well-crafted, comprehensive approach. Acknowledging the broad functionality of social media, as well as its current status in the society, this article describes a model process for security authorities and law enforcement work with social media in general and security services work in particular. The process is cyclic and largely modular. It provides a set of goals and tasks for each stage of a potential event, rather than fixed activities. This allows authorities to adapt the process to individual legal frameworks and organization setups. The approach behind the process is holistic where social media is regarded as both source and destination of information. Ultimately, the process aims at efficiently and effectively mitigating the risk of virtual and physical violence.

A Game Theoretic Approach to Thwart Selfishness Attack in MANET

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 3944-3948
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Choudhury ◽  
Anita Pal ◽  
Anjali Gupchup ◽  
Krati Budholiya ◽  
Alokparna Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Selfish Nodes ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Game Theoretic Approach

Ad-hoc networks are attractive, since they can provide a high level of connectivity without the need of a fixed infrastructure. Nodes that are not within the same transmission range communicate through multi-hops, where intermediate nodes act as relays. Mutual cooperation of all the participating nodes is necessary for proper operation of MANET. However, nodes in MANET being battery-constrained, they tend to behave selfishly while forwarding packets. In this paper, we have investigated the security of MANET AODV routing protocol by identifying the impact of selfish nodes on it. It was observed that due to the presence of selfish nodes, packet loss in the network increases and the performance of MANET degrades significantly. Finally a game theoretic approach is used to mitigate the selfishness attack. All the nodes in MANET should cooperate among themselves to thwart the selfish behavior of attacker nodes.

Genetic Structure and Diversity among Species of Salacia: An Endangered Medicinal Herb of Western Ghats, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar G Patil ◽  
Sheetal Ganapati Kamat ◽  
R Vasudeva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Issr Marker ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Population Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Marker Analysis ◽  
Endangered Medicinal Herb ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genetic Structure And Diversity

Salacia is one of the medicinally valuable genus, distributed throughout tropical areas which include India, Sri Lanka, Southern China and other Southern Asian Countries. The genus Salacia is represented by 21 species in India, among them eight species are recorded from the state of Karnataka in the Southern part of India. Despite its pharmaceutical importance, very little information exists about the genetic diversity of Salacia at molecular level. Hence the present study was carried out to evaluate the genetic among six species of Salacia namely S. chinensis, S. malabarica, S. oblonga, S. macrosperma, S. reticulata and S. gambleana with the help of ISSR marker analysis. Dendrogram and genetic distance were generated adopting Unweighted Paired Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) in the NTSYS-pc software. Basic genetic parameters were calculated by analysing the genetic data with Pop gene 1.32 and GenAlEx 6.2 software. The overall polymorphism across the ten primers screened revealed 26 % polymorphism. A 60% polymorphism was scored for the primer UBC 841, whereas, no polymorphism was observed for primer UBC 840 and ISSR 6. The average observed heterozygosity was more than expected heterozygosity. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.15 (UBC 841) to 0.38 (ISSR 6) with an average of 0.25, whereas expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.10 (UBC 843) to 0.35 (ISSR 6) with an average of 0.23 for Salacia species. The higher heterozygosity pointed towards increased genetic diversity amongst the species. ISSR marker analysis showed high level of inter and intra population genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals Microsatellite genotyping from faeces of Lontra longicaudis from southern Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura I. Weber ◽  
Cintia G. Hildebrand ◽  
Anderson Ferreira ◽  
Gustavo Pedarassi ◽  
José A. Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
High Level ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation ◽  
Lontra Longicaudis

A genetic study of the neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), which has an unknown conservation status, was carried out at the Taim Ecological Station and the margins of the Vargas stream, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Faecal samples were collected, and DNA was extracted using a silica-guanidine method. Five microsatellite loci were amplified using PCR with heterologous primers previously described for Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). Sixteen faecal samples out of 29 from Taim and 11 out of 14 from Vargas stream margins contained enough DNA for genetic analysis. A total of 49 different alleles were found at both localities, from which 18 were exclusively found in individuals from Taim and 17 were exclusives from Vargas individuals. The most common allele was the same at both locations for three loci (Lut715, Lut733, and Lut818). A high level of genetic diversity was found at both sites (NeTaim=4.1, HoTaim=0.299, HeTaim=0.681; NeVargas=4.9, HoVargas=0.355, HeVargas=0.724), being higher at the Vargas stream site. A high and significant level of heterozygote deficiency was observed at most loci according to the χ2 test. The homogeneity χ2 test (P<0.001) showed that there were significant differences in the allele frequencies between the two locations. Genotyping for more than one locus was possible in 81.5% of samples, from which only 37% were possible to genotype for more than three loci. A low degree of relatedness was found among individuals from Taim (R=0.055±0.310), but an even lower value of relatedness was found at the Vargas site (R= -0.285±0.440). The significant degree of differentiation (I=0.890; F ST=0.059) found between Taim and Vargas individuals suggests that there is more than one population of otters in the southern extreme of Brazil, which probably are associated with the water body systems found in this region, the Mirim and the Caiuvá/Flores/Mangueira Lagoons. The high genetic diversity and low relatedness found at the Vargas stream, lead us to believe that the Vargas stream may be acting as a corridor between these water bodies for otter dispersion.

scholarly journals Contribution of Terrestrial Runoff to Coral Disease Prevalence on North Bali’s Massive Porites

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
I Gusti Bagus Siladharma ◽  
Widiastuti Karim
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Terrestrial Runoff ◽  
Dominant Disease ◽  
Massive Porites ◽  
High Level ◽  
Organic Carbon Loading

The widespread of coral disease may threatened Bali`s marine tourism which is the main asset for the nation prosperity. However, the disease prevalence is still unknown, in particular inshore coral reefs near to tourist spot areas. Therefore, the research aims to investigate the contribution of terrestrial runoff to coral disease prevalence and to examine the relationships between disease prevalence and environmental parameters (nitrate, phosphate, organic carbon and total suspended solids (TSS)) within the population of massive Porites on shallow north Bali reefs. Syndrome, diseases and healthy colonies of massive Porites coral were counted and noted within a 2 x 10 m belt transect at 3 sampling sites. The dominant disease observed was ulcerative white spots (UWS), while the syndromes were pigmentation response and aggressive overgrowth by macroalgae. The highest mean UWS prevalence was at site 3 which was the closest site to runoff (prevalence = 91%).This disease only affected one colony at site 1 and 2, respectively. Disease prevalence had strong relationship with TSS and nitrate, yet it showed weak relationship with phosphate and organic carbon. These results suggest that terrestrial runoff could contribute to the disease prevalence by increasing the TSS, nutrients and organic carbon loading to the inshore ecosystems. High level of organic carbon could severe the disease, particularly when combined with elevated TSS and nutrient, by reducing the coral`s immunity system. Keywords: coral disease, prevalence, terrestrial runoff, Porites, ulcerative white spot, environmental parameter, North Bali.

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