The dorsal arcopallium of chicks displays the expression of orthologs of mammalian fear related serotonin receptor subfamily genes

AbstractFear is an adaptive emotion that elicits defensive behavioural responses against aversive threats in animals. In mammals, serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) have been shown to modulate fear-related neural circuits in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). To understand the phylogenetic continuity of the neural basis for fear, it is important to identify the neural circuit that processes fear in other animals. In birds, fear-related behaviours were suggested to be processed in the arcopallium/amygdala complex and modulated by the serotonin (5-HT) system. However, details about the distribution of 5-HTRs in the avian brain are very sparsely reported, and the 5-HTR that is potentially involved in fear-related behaviour has not been elucidated. In this study, we showed that orthologs of mammalian 5-HTR genes that are expressed in the BLA, namely 5-HTR1A, 5-HTR1B, 5-HTR2A, 5-HTR2C, 5-HTR3A, and 5-HTR4, are expressed in a part of the chick arcopallium/amygdala complex called the dorsal arcopallium. This suggests that serotonergic regulation in the dorsal arcopallium may play an important role in regulating fear-related behaviour in birds. Our findings can be used as a basis for comparing the processing of fear and its serotonergic modulation in the mammalian amygdala complex and avian arcopallium/amygdala complex.

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Altered topology of neural circuits in congenital prosopagnosia

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.25069 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Gideon Rosenthal ◽

Michal Tanzer ◽

Erez Simony ◽

Uri Hasson ◽

Marlene Behrmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Face Processing ◽

Neural Circuits ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Behavioral Deficits ◽

Functional Correlation ◽

Regional Correlation ◽

Congenital Prosopagnosia ◽

The Face

Using a novel, fMRI-based inter-subject functional correlation (ISFC) approach, which isolates stimulus-locked inter-regional correlation patterns, we compared the cortical topology of the neural circuit for face processing in participants with an impairment in face recognition, congenital prosopagnosia (CP), and matched controls. Whereas the anterior temporal lobe served as the major network hub for face processing in controls, this was not the case for the CPs. Instead, this group evinced hyper-connectivity in posterior regions of the visual cortex, mostly associated with the lateral occipital and the inferior temporal cortices. Moreover, the extent of this hyper-connectivity was correlated with the face recognition deficit. These results offer new insights into the perturbed cortical topology in CP, which may serve as the underlying neural basis of the behavioral deficits typical of this disorder. The approach adopted here has the potential to uncover altered topologies in other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well.

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Living-Cell Diffracted X-ray Tracking Analysis Confirmed Internal Salt Bridge Is Critical for Ligand-Induced Twisting Motion of Serotonin Receptors

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105285 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5285

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Mio ◽

Shoko Fujimura ◽

Masaki Ishihara ◽

Masahiro Kuramochi ◽

Hiroshi Sekiguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serotonin Receptors ◽

Serotonin Receptor ◽

Frame Rate ◽

Receptor Subtype ◽

Transmembrane Segment ◽

Hek 293 ◽

Gold Nanocrystals ◽

X Ray ◽

Time Dynamics ◽

Analytical Technique

Serotonin receptors play important roles in neuronal excitation, emotion, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction. The serotonin receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2AR) is a Gq-coupled GPCR, which activate phospholipase C. Although the structures and functions of 5-HT2ARs have been well studied, little has been known about their real-time dynamics. In this study, we analyzed the intramolecular motion of the 5-HT2AR in living cells using the diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) technique. The DXT is a very precise single-molecular analytical technique, which tracks diffraction spots from the gold nanocrystals labeled on the protein surface. Trajectory analysis provides insight into protein dynamics. The 5-HT2ARs were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells, and the gold nanocrystals were attached to the N-terminal introduced FLAG-tag via anti-FLAG antibodies. The motions were recorded with a frame rate of 100 μs per frame. A lifetime filtering technique demonstrated that the unliganded receptors contain high mobility population with clockwise twisting. This rotation was, however, abolished by either a full agonist α-methylserotonin or an inverse agonist ketanserin. Mutation analysis revealed that the “ionic lock” between the DRY motif in the third transmembrane segment and a negatively charged residue of the sixth transmembrane segment is essential for the torsional motion at the N-terminus of the receptor.

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Effects of behavioural activation on the neural circuit related to intrinsic motivation

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2018.40 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 317-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Asako Mori ◽

Yasumasa Okamoto ◽

Go Okada ◽

Koki Takagaki ◽

Masahiro Takamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Behavioural Activation ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

The Right ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning

BackgroundBehavioural activation is an efficient treatment for depression and can improve intrinsic motivation. Previous studies have revealed that the frontostriatal circuit is involved in intrinsic motivation; however, there are no data on how behavioural activation affects the frontostriatal circuit.AimsWe aimed to investigate behavioural activation-related changes in the frontostriatal circuit.MethodFifty-nine individuals with subthreshold depression were randomly assigned to either the intervention or non-intervention group. The intervention group received five weekly behavioural activation sessions. The participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning on two separate occasions while performing a stopwatch task based on intrinsic motivation. We investigated changes in neural activity and functional connectivity after behavioural activation.ResultsAfter behavioural activation, the intervention group had increased activation and connectivity in the frontostriatal region compared with the non-intervention group. The increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with an improvement of subjective sensitivity to environmental rewards.ConclusionsBehavioural activation-related changes to the frontostriatal circuit advance our understanding of psychotherapy-induced improvements in the neural basis of intrinsic motivation.Declaration of interestNone.

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Oscillatory integration windows in neurons

10.1101/081471 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Nitin Gupta ◽

Swikriti Saran Singh ◽

Mark Stopfer

Keyword(s):

Neural Circuits ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Field Potential ◽

Coincidence Detection ◽

Uniform Structure ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Oscillation Frequencies ◽

Local Field Potential Lfp ◽

Oscillatory Cycle

AbstractOscillatory synchrony among neurons occurs in many species and brain areas, and has been proposed to help neural circuits process information. One hypothesis states that oscillatory input creates cyclic integration windows: specific times in each oscillatory cycle when postsynaptic neurons become especially responsive to inputs. With paired local field potential (LFP) and intracellular recordings and controlled stimulus manipulations we directly tested this idea in the locust olfactory system. We found that inputs arriving in Kenyon cells (KCs) sum most effectively in a preferred window of the oscillation cycle. With a computational model, we found that the non-uniform structure of noise in the membrane potential helps mediate this process. Further experiments performed in vivo demonstrated that integration windows can form in the absence of inhibition and at a broad range of oscillation frequencies. Our results reveal how a fundamental coincidence-detection mechanism in a neural circuit functions to decode temporally organized spiking.

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A visual circuit uses complementary mechanisms to support transient and sustained pupil constriction

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.15392 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

William Thomas Keenan ◽

Alan C Rupp ◽

Rachel A Ross ◽

Preethi Somasundaram ◽

Suja Hiriyanna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Coding ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Behavioral Dynamics ◽

Pupil Constriction ◽

Sustained Responses ◽

Stable Control

Rapid and stable control of pupil size in response to light is critical for vision, but the neural coding mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the neural basis of pupil control by monitoring pupil size across time while manipulating each photoreceptor input or neurotransmitter output of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a critical relay in the control of pupil size. We show that transient and sustained pupil responses are mediated by distinct photoreceptors and neurotransmitters. Transient responses utilize input from rod photoreceptors and output by the classical neurotransmitter glutamate, but adapt within minutes. In contrast, sustained responses are dominated by non-conventional signaling mechanisms: melanopsin phototransduction in ipRGCs and output by the neuropeptide PACAP, which provide stable pupil maintenance across the day. These results highlight a temporal switch in the coding mechanisms of a neural circuit to support proper behavioral dynamics.

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Role of some types of serotonin receptors in murine hypophyseal-testicular complex activation induced by the presence of a female

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11792 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 53-56

Author(s):

T. G. Amstislavskaya ◽

N. K. Popova

Keyword(s):

Serotonin Receptors ◽

Receptor Agonist ◽

Serotonin Receptor ◽

Receptive Female ◽

Plasma Testosterone ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Sexual Activation ◽

Different Types

Placement of a sexually receptive female mouse behind a partition that prevents physical contacts, but permits it to see and smell caused an increase in the blood levels of testosterone in male mice. The selective 5-HTIA-serotonin receptor agonist 08-OH- DPAT (0.1 mg/kg) and the mixed 5-HTIA/IB agonist eltoprazine, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, blocked the activating effect of female exposure on the male pituitary-testicular system. The 5-HT/-receptor agonist p-MPPI (0.2 mg/kg) prevented the inhibitory effects of 8-OH-DPATand eltoprazine. The 5-HT/B-receptor agonist CGS- 12066A (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) exerted no effect while the mixed 5-HTIB/2C-receptor agonist TFMPP (5.2 mg/kg) inhibited a female-induced increase in the levels of male blood testosterone. The 5-HT/-receptor agonist keranserin (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) prevented a female-induced increase in the levels of testosterone. The 5-HT3-receptor agonist ondansetron (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) elevated the baseline level of plasma testosterone, but blocked receptive female-induced activation of the male hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular system (HPTS). It is concluded that 5-HTIA-receptors are involved in the control of male sexual activation. At the same time different types and even subtypes of the same type of 5-HT-receptors produce varying inhibitory and activating effects on the receptive female-induced activation of HPTS. Blocking of the female-induced activation of HPTS seems to be realized by involving 5-HTu- and 5-HT2C-receptors and its activation occurs with the participation of 5-HT^- and 5- HT3-receptors.

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Prominent Inhibitory Projections Guide Sensorimotor Computation: An Invertebrate Perspective

10.20944/preprints201908.0112.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha Hughes ◽

Tansu Celikel

Keyword(s):

Motor Neurons ◽

Neural Circuits ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Circuit Complexity ◽

Inhibitory Circuits ◽

Invertebrate Species ◽

Gating Mechanism ◽

Motor Actions ◽

Sensorimotor Representations

From single-cell organisms to complex neural networks, all evolved to provide control solutions to generate context and goal-specific actions. Neural circuits performing sensorimotor computation to drive navigation employ inhibitory control as a gating mechanism, as they hierarchically transform (multi)sensory information into motor actions. Here, we focus on this literature to critically discuss the proposition that prominent inhibitory projections form sensorimotor circuits. After reviewing the neural circuits of navigation across various invertebrate species, we argue that with increased neural circuit complexity and the emergence of parallel computations inhibitory circuits acquire new functions. The contribution of inhibitory neurotransmission for navigation goes beyond shaping the communication that drives motor neurons, instead, include encoding of emergent sensorimotor representations. A mechanistic understanding of the neural circuits performing sensorimotor computations in invertebrates will unravel the minimum circuit requirements driving adaptive navigation.

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Neural Changes Underlying Rapid Fly Song Evolution

10.1101/238147 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yun Ding ◽

Joshua L. Lillvis ◽

Jessica Cande ◽

Gordon J. Berman ◽

Benjamin J. Arthur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Neural Circuits ◽

Neural Circuitry ◽

Courtship Song ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Electrophysiological Properties ◽

Song Types ◽

Behavioural Diversity

AbstractThe neural basis for behavioural evolution is poorly understood. Functional comparisons of homologous neurons may reveal how neural circuitry contributes to behavioural evolution, but homologous neurons cannot be identified and manipulated in most taxa. Here, we compare the function of homologous courtship song neurons by exporting neurogenetic reagents that label identified neurons in Drosophila melanogaster to D. yakuba. We found a conserved role for a cluster of brain neurons that establish a persistent courtship state. In contrast, a descending neuron with conserved electrophysiological properties drives different song types in each species. Our results suggest that song evolved, in part, due to changes in the neural circuitry downstream of this descending neuron. This experimental approach can be generalized to other neural circuits and therefore provides an experimental framework for studying how the nervous system has evolved to generate behavioural diversity.

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Artificial Intelligence Based on Biological Neurons

Sensor Network Methodologies for Smart Applications - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-4381-8.ch002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-53

Author(s):

Rinat Galiautdinov

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Neural Circuits ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Next Generation ◽

New Approach ◽

Home Based

The chapter describes the new approach in artificial intelligence based on simulated biological neurons and creation of the neural circuits for the sphere of IoT which represent the next generation of artificial intelligence and IoT. Unlike existing technical devices for implementing a neuron based on classical nodes oriented to binary processing, the proposed path is based on simulation of biological neurons, creation of biologically close neural circuits where every device will implement the function of either a sensor or a “muscle” in the frame of the home-based live AI and IoT. The research demonstrates the developed nervous circuit constructor and its usage in building of the AI (neural circuit) for IoT.

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Serotonergic modulation across sensory modalities

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00034.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 2406-2425

Author(s):

Tyler R. Sizemore ◽

Laura M. Hurley ◽

Andrew M. Dacks

Keyword(s):

Serotonin Receptor ◽

Physiological State ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Specific Stimulus ◽

Sensory Organization ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

Stimulus Features ◽

Ubiquitous Presence ◽

Serotonergic Modulation

The serotonergic system has been widely studied across animal taxa and different functional networks. This modulatory system is therefore well positioned to compare the consequences of neuromodulation for sensory processing across species and modalities at multiple levels of sensory organization. Serotonergic neurons that innervate sensory networks often bidirectionally exchange information with these networks but also receive input representative of motor events or motivational state. This convergence of information supports serotonin’s capacity for contextualizing sensory information according to the animal’s physiological state and external events. At the level of sensory circuitry, serotonin can have variable effects due to differential projections across specific sensory subregions, as well as differential serotonin receptor type expression within those subregions. Functionally, this infrastructure may gate or filter sensory inputs to emphasize specific stimulus features or select among different streams of information. The near-ubiquitous presence of serotonin and other neuromodulators within sensory regions, coupled with their strong effects on stimulus representation, suggests that these signaling pathways should be considered integral components of sensory systems.

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