scholarly journals Implicit Theory of Mind under realistic social circumstances measured with mobile eye-tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Max Andreas Bosse Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

AbstractRecently, there has been a debate whether implicit Theory of Mind can be reliably measured using anticipatory looking tasks. Previous anticipatory looking paradigms used video stimuli to measure implicit Theory of Mind; however, numerous replications of these paradigms were unsuccessful. This lack of replications may be due to video stimuli not being sufficiently engaging. As Theory of Mind is an inherently social phenomenon, robust evidence might only be observed in a real social situation. Therefore, the current preregistered study aimed to test anticipatory looking with real-life social stimuli. A mobile eye-tracker was used to measure gaze patterns indicative of Theory of Mind while participants observed a real-life interaction of an experimenter and a confederate. The realistic scenario did not provide clear evidence for implicit Theory of Mind. Furthermore, anticipatory looking behavior did not reliably occur during familiarization trials, in line with previous research. However, looking patterns were slightly more in line with belief tracking than in some more controlled studies using video stimuli. In general, implicit Theory of Mind was not reliably reflected in anticipatory looking patterns even if they were measured in realistic social situations. This questions the suitability of anticipatory looking measures for implicit Theory of Mind.

scholarly journals Are we less social in noisy environments? No effect of noise on implicit Theory of Mind performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
hannes rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Noisy Environments ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute beliefs and desires to others, has been a recent focus of replication research. While some researchers found an implicit form of ToM, which could be measured with different tasks, including anticipatory looking measures, other researchers could not replicate these finding. The testing conditions may play a role for the success of replications. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of a noisy testing environment on results in an anticipatory looking false belief task. The original findings could only be partially replicated, leaving room for alternative explanations. Environmental noise did not significantly affect gaze patterns. Therefore, previous failed replications are unlikely to be related to different levels in environmental noise.

scholarly journals The Developmental Differences of Implicit Theory of Mind in Infants Using Anticipatory Looking Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-516
Author(s):  
Heejung Sul ◽  
Hana Song
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Objectives: This study examined the developmental differences of implicit theory of mind in infants aged 12 to 24 months according to two types of tasks within the anticipatory looking paradigm, as well as the interaction between age group and type of task.Methods: In all, 69 infants participated in this study aged 12, 18, and 24 months. Two types of implicit false-belief tasks using an anticipatory looking paradigm were administered to all the infants for about 4 minutes 20 seconds. While all of the infants watched two types of computerized video clips (FB1, FB2) through the computer screen, an eye-tracker (TobiiX120) recorded the traces of anticipatory looking of infants. The anticipatory looking of infants in test trials was then analyzed.Results: Results showed that the differences between the 12-month-olds and the other age groups (18-month-olds, 24-month-olds) were significant, but even some of the 12-month-olds showed evidence of an implicit theory of mind. The level of implicit theory of mind of 18-month infants did not significantly differ from that of 24-month infants. In addition, a difference by type of implicit false-belief task was significant. Infants showed a higher level of implicit theory of mind in Task1 (FB1) than in Task2 (FB2). However, the interaction effect between age and type of task was not significant.Conclusion: The findings of this study hold implications for the development of implicit theory of mind early in life, and indicate the validity of the anticipatory looking paradigm with two types of tasks. Several limitations and suggestions for future study are also presented.

scholarly journals Is implicit Theory of Mind real but hard to detect? Testing adults with different stimulus materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 190068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Marieke Wübker ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Recently, Theory of Mind (ToM) research has been revolutionized by new methods. Eye-tracking studies measuring subjects' looking times or anticipatory looking have suggested that implicit and automatic forms of ToM develop much earlier in ontogeny than traditionally assumed and continue to operate outside of subjects’ awareness throughout the lifespan. However, the reliability of these implicit methods has recently been put into question by an increasing number of non-replications. What remains unclear from these accumulating non-replication findings, though, is whether they present true negatives (there is no robust phenomenon of automatic ToM) or false ones (automatic ToM is real but difficult to tap). In order to address these questions, the current study implemented conceptual replications of influential anticipatory looking ToM tasks with a new variation in the stimuli. In two separate preregistered studies, we used increasingly realistic stimuli and controlled for potential confounds. Even with these more realistic stimuli, previous results could not be replicated. Rather, the anticipatory looking pattern found here remained largely compatible with more parsimonious explanations. In conclusion, the reality and robustness of automatic ToM remains controversial.

Is Implicit Theory of Mind a Real and Robust Phenomenon? Results From a Systematic Replication Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Britta von Duhn ◽  
Dana Schneider ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Replication Study ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
False Belief Reasoning ◽  
Belief Reasoning ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

Recently, theory-of-mind research has been revolutionized by findings from novel implicit tasks suggesting that at least some aspects of false-belief reasoning develop earlier in ontogeny than previously assumed and operate automatically throughout adulthood. Although these findings are the empirical basis for far-reaching theories, systematic replications are still missing. This article reports a preregistered large-scale attempt to replicate four influential anticipatory-looking implicit theory-of-mind tasks using original stimuli and procedures. Results showed that only one of the four paradigms was reliably replicated. A second set of studies revealed, further, that this one paradigm was no longer replicated once confounds were removed, which calls its validity into question. There were also no correlations between paradigms, and thus, no evidence for their convergent validity. In conclusion, findings from anticipatory-looking false-belief paradigms seem less reliable and valid than previously assumed, thus limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from them.

scholarly journals Implicit Theory of Mind across the life span – Anticipatory looking data

Data in Brief ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 712-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Mirjam Reiß ◽  
Horst Krist ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Anticipatory Looking

scholarly journals The role of cognitive load in modulating social looking: a mobile eye tracking study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Bianchi ◽  
Alan Kingstone ◽  
Evan F. Risko
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Video Experiment ◽  
Back Task

Abstract The effect of cognitive load on social attention was examined across three experiments in a live pedestrian passing scenario (Experiments 1 and 2) and with the same scenario presented as a video (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, the load was manipulated using an auditory 2-back task. While the participant was wearing a mobile eye-tracker, the participant’s fixation behavior toward a confederate was recorded and analyzed based on temporal proximity from the confederate (near or far) and the specific regions of the confederate being observed (i.e., head or body). In Experiment 1 we demonstrated an effect of cognitive load such that there was a lower proportion of fixations and time spent fixating toward the confederate in the load condition. A similar pattern of results was found in Experiment 2 when a within-subject design was used. In Experiment 3, which employed a less authentic social situation (i.e., video), a similar effect of cognitive load was observed. Collectively, these results suggest attentional resources play a central role in social attentional behaviors in both authentic (real-world) and less authentic (video recorded) situations.

scholarly journals Mapping, assessing and promoting multiple psychological senses of community (MPSOC) through clinical pathways for treating substance use problems

2021 ◽  
pp. 145507252098597
Author(s):  
Nina Kavita Heggen Bahl ◽  
Anne Signe Landheim ◽  
Hilde Eileen Nafstad ◽  
Rolv Mikkel Blakar ◽  
Morten A. Brodahl
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Clinical Pathways ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Substance Use Problems ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

Aim: The recent nationally implemented clinical pathways for the treatment of substance use problems in Norway require mapping and assessing of patients’ needs, challenges, and resources. However, there is a lack of tools for systematically mapping and assessing patients’ social situations and social networks as part of the national guidelines. The aim of this article is to present a tool developed to map and assess the patient’s social situation, and to propose approaches for promoting multiple psychological senses of community (MPSOC) through clinical pathways for treating substance use problems. Methods: The proposed tool and approaches are developed based on findings in a previous in-depth collaborative study of MPSOC and recovery among people with substance use problems who received help and services from Norwegian municipalities. Findings: The findings suggest that multiple communities (geographical, relational and ideal) and senses of communities (within and outside treatment) simultaneously can influence individual recovery processes from problematic substance use in both positive as well as negative ways. As such, these community dimensions are of central importance to include in mapping and assessing of patients’ social situations, as well as in the promotion of MPSOC through clinical pathways. Conclusions: The suggested tool and approaches can increase the likelihood of achieving key aims of the national clinical pathways. Most important, mapping, assessing and promoting MPSOC through clinical pathways may promote long-term recovery processes and positive recovery capital for persons with substance use problems.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

scholarly journals Construction of a Scale for Investigating Pre-School Children’s Social Situations of Development: Focusing on Activities instead of Abilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hedegaard ◽  
N. Lyberth
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
Core Activity ◽  
At Home

This paper discuss principles for the design of a tool to screen 3- and 5-year-old children’s social situation of development in Greenland. We describe this tool as radical-local, building it on a theory of child development that focuses on children´s activities as cultural, anchored in local conditions and traditions, where play is seen as the core activity for preschool children. In constructing Investigating children’s situation of development (Undersøgelse af børns udviklingssituation — UBUS 3 and UBUS 5) we have aimed at creating an instrument that can be used to evaluate children’s health, wellbeing and activities in their everyday settings of day-care and at home in Greenland. The assessment focus on interaction with care-persons and other children, not on children’s abilities as isolated and independent features. For preschool children these conditions and their participation in these conditions create the child’s social situation of development.

scholarly journals Neurocomputational mechanisms of confidence in self and others

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bang ◽  
Rani Moran ◽  
Nathaniel Douglass Daw ◽  
Stephen M Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Difficult Decision ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Decision Difficulty

Computing confidence in one's own and others' decisions is crucial for success in many social situations. There has been substantial progress in our understanding of confidence in oneself, but little is known about how we form confidence in others. Here, we address this question by asking subjects undergoing fMRI to place bets on perceptual decisions made by themselves or one of three other players of varying ability. We show that subjects' compute confidence in another player's decisions by combining distinct estimates of player ability and decision difficulty - allowing them to predict that a good player may get a difficult decision wrong and that a bad player may get an easy decision right. We find that this computation is supported by an interaction between brain systems traditionally implicated in decision-making (LIP) and theory of mind (TPJ, dmPFC). These results reveal a neurocomputational interplay between self- and other-related processes during social cognition.

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