scholarly journals Universal patterns of long-distance commuting and social assortativity in cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eszter Bokányi ◽  
Sándor Juhász ◽  
Márton Karsai ◽  
Balázs Lengyel
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Universal Relation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Diverse Individual ◽  
Commuting Distance

AbstractMillions commute to work every day in cities and interact with colleagues, partners, friends, and strangers. Commuting facilitates the mixing of people from distant and diverse neighborhoods, but whether this has an imprint on social inclusion or instead, connections remain assortative is less explored. In this paper, we aim to better understand income sorting in social networks inside cities and investigate how commuting distance conditions the online social ties of Twitter users in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the United States. An above-median commuting distance in cities is linked to more diverse individual networks, moreover, we find that longer commutes are associated with a nearly uniform, moderate reduction of overall social tie assortativity across all cities. This suggests a universal relation between long-distance commutes and the integration of social networks. Our results inform policy that facilitating access across distant neighborhoods can advance the social inclusion of low-income groups.

Near-Drowning

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Debra H. Fiser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
King County ◽  
Near Drowning ◽  
Time Period ◽  
States Data ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Definition Drowning is defined as death caused by submersion, whereas near-drowning connotes survival for some time period following submersion. The following remarks pertain to the near-drowning victim who presents for acute medical management. Epidemiology Because reporting of near-drowning incidents is incomplete, most of the available epidemiologic information focuses on drowning deaths, which number more than 6500 per year in the United States. Data from King County, Washington, however, suggest that near-drownings slightly out-number drownings. Drowning rates are highest for children under the age of 5 years and between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Males drown 4 times more frequently than females. African-Americans and low-income groups also are affected disproportionately, except for those drownings involving boats and residential swimming pools, which more often are owned by middle class groups. Drownings peak during the summer months and are most common in the southern and western United States and Alaska. Forty to 45% of all drownings occur while the victim is swimming and 12% to 29% are boat-related. Alcohol plays a substantial role in these deaths. Between one half and three quarters of all drownings occur in lakes, ponds, rivers, and the ocean. More than 40% of all submersions in these bodies of water involve older adolescents or young adults.

scholarly journals Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Barberá
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Ideal Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Party Registration ◽  
Twitter Users

Politicians and citizens increasingly engage in political conversations on social media outlets such as Twitter. In this article, I show that the structure of the social networks in which they are embedded can be a source of information about their ideological positions. Under the assumption that social networks are homophilic, I develop a Bayesian Spatial Following model that considers ideology as a latent variable, whose value can be inferred by examining which politics actors each user is following. This method allows us to estimate ideology for more actors than any existing alternative, at any point in time and across many polities. I apply this method to estimate ideal points for a large sample of both elite and mass public Twitter users in the United States and five European countries. The estimated positions of legislators and political parties replicate conventional measures of ideology. The method is also able to successfully classify individuals who state their political preferences publicly and a sample of users matched with their party registration records. To illustrate the potential contribution of these estimates, I examine the extent to which online behavior during the 2012 US presidential election campaign is clustered along ideological lines.

Are Blood Lead Levels in the United States Still Declining? The US National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin KW Lui ◽  
Man-Fung Tsoi ◽  
Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽  
Ching-Lung Cheung ◽  
Bernard MY Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: Lead is toxic without a safe limit. The current upper reference blood lead level (BLL), 5 μg/dL, came from the 97.5th percentile in children aged 1-5 years in NHANES 2007-2010.Objectives: We studied the latest trend in BLL in US NHANES and estimated the proportion of children with BLL ≥5 μg/dL, which would inform the setting of an upper reference level.Methods: We analyzed 68877 participants (aged 1 to 85 years) with BLL measurements in NHANES 1999-2016 using SPSS complex sample module v25.0.Results: In NHANES 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016, the mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BLLs (μg/dL) were 0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 0.86 (0.85, 0.87), and 0.82 (0.81, 0.83), respectively (P <0.0001). The estimated proportion (95% CI) of children aged 1-5 years with elevated BLL (EBLL) in 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016 were 2.0% (1.3, 3.0), 0.5% (0.4, 0.7), and 1.3% (0.8, 2.3), respectively (P=0.267). In 2015-2016, the proportion of children with EBLL was similar in high- and low-income groups (P = 0.9979). The estimated 97.5th percentile of BLL in children was 3.71 μg/dL in NHANES 2015-2016.Conclusions: BLL continued to decline in the overall US population. The disparity in BLL in children from higher and lower income families has decreased. Our findings support a reduction in the reference BLL, continual monitoring of population BLL and continual efforts to reduce environmental exposure to lead.

scholarly journals The Failure of Lifestyle Environmentalism and the Promise of the Green New Deal for Working-Class People

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Karen Bell ◽  
Gnisha Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Uk

There is an urgent need to address a range of environmental issues, including climate change, but the policies enacted to date have usually done nothing to address class inequities and have often led to increased working-class disadvantage. The causes of the climate and other environmental crises have often been located in problematic individual lifestyles, with little recognition of the time, economic and health constraints that make it difficult for working-class people to adopt green lifestyles. The Green New Deal (GND) presented an alternative policy paradigm that argued for environmental policies that, rather than increasing the pressure on disadvantaged groups, would have co-benefits for working-class people, low-income groups and communities of colour. However, the policy did not lead to electoral success for the political leaders that proposed it, in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), due to opposition representations of it as costly and threatening to working-class jobs. We interviewed 40 working-class people in the UK to find out how much they knew about the Green New Deal, what they thought about it as an environmental policy and how they felt about environmentalism, more generally. Our research indicates that there was a general lack of knowledge about GND, but great enthusiasm about it once explained, albeit with reservations about its implementation and limitations. The GND has huge potential to benefit the lives of working-class people but, we conclude, more, and better, outreach is needed for people to understand its potential to improve their lives.

Opportunity for Whom? The Diverse Definitions of Neighborhood Opportunity in Baltimore

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willow S. Lung–Amam ◽  
Elijah Knaap ◽  
Casey Dawkins ◽  
Gerrit–Jan Knaap
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Across the United States, communities are increasingly interested in the spatial structure of opportunity. Recently, several federal programs have promulgated opportunity mapping as a tool to help increase disadvantaged communities’ access to neighborhood opportunity. The increasing institutionalization of opportunity mapping raises questions about how opportunity is defined and by whom. This paper analyzes data from community engagement events held for a regional planning process throughout the Baltimore metropolitan area. During these events, over 100 residents were asked what it means to live in neighborhoods that provide opportunity. The results showed similarities as well as remarkable differences in residents’ definitions of opportunity across race, income, and geography. Racial and ethnic minorities, low–income groups, and those living in distressed neighborhoods were more likely to identify job accessibility, employment, and job training as key components of and pathways to opportunity, whereas White, higher income groups, and wealthier neighborhoods placed a stronger emphasis on a sense of community, freedom of choice, education, and retirement savings. These differences challenge urban policymakers and planners to consider how greater flexibility in mapping tools, qualitative data, and community–engaged processes might better reflect the diversity in the ways that residents view and experience opportunity in their everyday lives.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Inflasi Di Indonesia Pada Masa Pandemi

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Eka Purnama Sari ◽  
Fadia Salsabila Rahmawan ◽  
Nurul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused recessions in many countries around the world. This happened after economic growth in the first and second quarters of 2020. Some of the countries experiencing recession are Singapore, South Korea, Germany, Japan, France, Hong Kong, and the United States. If the economic growth in each quarter is also negative, Indonesia will experience a recession. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) noted that Indonesia's economic growth rate fell to minus (5.32%) in the second quarter of 2020. Previously, Indonesia's economic growth in the first quarter of 2020 was 2.97% or started to slow down. Inflation is a tendency to increase the prices of goods and services in general, which continues continuously, which will reduce the purchasing power of the public, especially for low-income groups. Therefore, it is hoped that there will be a control over the rate of inflation, especially during the Covid 19 Pandemic which had an impact on Indonesia's macro conditions. This observation discusses "The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Indonesia's Inflation Rate", aims to determine the effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Level of Inflation in Indonesia. The results of this observation show that in March 2020 there was inflation of 2.96% year on year (yoy), with an increase in the price of gold jewelery and several food prices that experienced a quite drastic increase.

The characteristics of blood donors in the United States

2018 ◽  
pp. 72-98
Author(s):  
Richard M. Titmuss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Unemployed

This chapter focuses on the characteristics of blood donors in the United States. Despite all the statistical inadequacies in the data presented, the trend appears to be markedly in the direction of the increasing commercialisation of blood and donor relationships. Concomitantly, proportionately more blood is being supplied by the poor, the unskilled, the unemployed, Negroes, and other low-income groups, and — with the rise of plasmapheresis — a new class is emerging of an exploited human population of high blood yielders. Redistribution in terms of ‘the gift of blood and blood products’ from the poor to the rich appears to be one of the dominant effects of the American blood-banking systems.

Social Medicine in Cuba

1945 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Thorning
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
Low Income Groups

There is probably no more controversial issue in the United States today than that which is being debated, quite inaccurately, under the heading of “socialized medicine.” Public interest in the question has been crystallized by the introduction in the Congress of the United States of the Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill. At the same time, the champions of State sovereignty have prepared legislation aiming to provide medical care as well as hospitalization for low-income groups, without excessive extension of Federal power in a domain that touches intimately upon personal rights and local liberties.

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