scholarly journals Identification and field verification of an aggregation pheromone from the white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
Liuyang Wang ◽  
Chunqin Liu ◽  
Yongqiang Liu ◽  
Xiangdong Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Polyethylene Vial ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Headspace Volatiles ◽  
Field Verification ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Manual Extraction

AbstractThe white-spotted flower chafer (WSFC), Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis, is native to East Asia. Although their larvae are considered a potential resource insect for degrading plant residues, producing protein fodder, and processing to traditional medicine, adult WSFCs inflict damage to dozens of fruit and economic crops. The control of the WSFC still relies heavily on pesticides and the inefficient manual extraction of adults. Here, we report the identification and evaluation of the aggregation pheromone of WSFCs. From the headspace volatiles emitted from WSFC adults, anisole, 4-methylanisole, 2-heptanone and 2-nonanone were identified as WSFC-specific components. However, only anisole and 4-methylanisole elicited positive dose–response relationship in electroantennography tests, and only 4-methylanisole significantly attracted WSFCs of both sexes in olfactometer bioassays and field experiments. These results concluded that 4-methylanisole is the aggregation pheromone of WSFCs. Furthermore, we developed polyethylene vials as long-term dispensers of 4-methylanisole to attract and kill WSFCs. The polyethylene vial lures could effectively attracted WSFCs for more than four weeks. Pheromone-based lures can be developed as an environmentally friendly protocol for monitoring and controlling WSFC adults.

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon sequestration according to two Geoset long-term field experiments in the Moscow region

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
K.O. Prokopyeva ◽  
V.A. Romanenkov ◽  
N.K. Sidorenkova ◽  
P.V. Krasilnikov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Stocks

The feasibility of implementing the "4 ppm" initiative, which assumes an annual increase in organic carbon stocks of agricultural soils in the layer 0-40 cm, was estimated with the dynamic carbon model RothC in two long-term DAOS experiments in the Moscow region, conducted in neighbouring fields for 74 and 76 years. Treatments included absolute control, application of organic, mineral, organic and mineral fertilizers at increasing rates. One of the experiments showed the growth of C stocks 12‰ in the layer 0-20 cm in the first 20 years in treatments with mineral fertilization, and 17‰ with the additional application of manure in an average annual rate of 10 Mg·ha-1. The accumulation of C allowed increasing its stock by 18-25%. Still, with the subsequent decline in crop rotation productivity, there was a loss of part of the previously accumulated C. In another experiment, at close values of annual C input, there was a loss of initial C stock due to the history of land use. The crop rotation adjustment provided a 3-8 ‰ increase of soil C in the 0-20 cm layer in the first 20 years after introduction but was insufficient to match the "4 ppm" initiative. In the long term, the organic fertilizer system had an advantage over the mineral one in ensuring the stability of organic C stocks in the arable layer. However, the management of C sequestration was complicated in the non-equilibrium state of the carbon system "plant residues-organic fertilizer-soil".

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

Critical plant phosphorus for winter wheat assessed from long-term field experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 126263
Author(s):  
Mario Fontana ◽  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Juliane Hirte ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Saïd Elfouki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Term Field

scholarly journals Large-scale transcriptomics to dissect 2 years of the life of a fungal phytopathogen interacting with its host plant

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise J. Gay ◽  
Jessica L. Soyer ◽  
Nicolas Lapalu ◽  
Juliette Linglin ◽  
Isabelle Fudal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Infection ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Niche Adaptation ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Fungal Genes

Abstract Background The fungus Leptosphaeria maculans has an exceptionally long and complex relationship with its host plant, Brassica napus, during which it switches between different lifestyles, including asymptomatic, biotrophic, necrotrophic, and saprotrophic stages. The fungus is also exemplary of “two-speed” genome organisms in the genome of which gene-rich and repeat-rich regions alternate. Except for a few stages of plant infection under controlled conditions, nothing is known about the genes mobilized by the fungus throughout its life cycle, which may last several years in the field. Results We performed RNA-seq on samples corresponding to all stages of the interaction of L. maculans with its host plant, either alive or dead (stem residues after harvest) in controlled conditions or in field experiments under natural inoculum pressure, over periods of time ranging from a few days to months or years. A total of 102 biological samples corresponding to 37 sets of conditions were analyzed. We show here that about 9% of the genes of this fungus are highly expressed during its interactions with its host plant. These genes are distributed into eight well-defined expression clusters, corresponding to specific infection lifestyles or to tissue-specific genes. All expression clusters are enriched in effector genes, and one cluster is specific to the saprophytic lifestyle on plant residues. One cluster, including genes known to be involved in the first phase of asymptomatic fungal growth in leaves, is re-used at each asymptomatic growth stage, regardless of the type of organ infected. The expression of the genes of this cluster is repeatedly turned on and off during infection. Whatever their expression profile, the genes of these clusters are enriched in heterochromatin regions associated with H3K9me3 or H3K27me3 repressive marks. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that part of the fungal genes involved in niche adaptation is located in heterochromatic regions of the genome, conferring an extreme plasticity of expression. Conclusion This work opens up new avenues for plant disease control, by identifying stage-specific effectors that could be used as targets for the identification of novel durable disease resistance genes, or for the in-depth analysis of chromatin remodeling during plant infection, which could be manipulated to interfere with the global expression of effector genes at crucial stages of plant infection.

Long-term field experiments of the world

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Debreczeni ◽  
Martin Körschens
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
The World ◽  
Term Field

The long-term persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in arable fields

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. W. LUTMAN ◽  
S. E. FREEMAN ◽  
C. PEKRUN
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Decline Curves

The present paper reports on three sets of experiments exploring the persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The first, where known numbers of seeds were buried in September 1991 in two field experiments, demonstrated substantial initial losses of seeds, such that only 0·2 and 3·8% of seeds were still present after 4 months. In these experiments, which were not disturbed by mechanical cultivation, there was little evidence of further decline over the following 13 months. In the second of the two experiments, seeds were then left undisturbed for a further 136 months. A mean of 1·8% of seeds were still present after this period, providing further confirmation of the lack of decline in seed numbers in these undisturbed conditions. In the second pair of experiments, known numbers of seeds of three rape cultivars were broadcast onto plots and then either ploughed into the soil immediately after the start of the experiments, or were exposed to weekly shallow tine cultivation followed by ploughing after 4 weeks. The former created a larger seedbank than the latter. The experiments were then ploughed, annually (Expt 1) or at less frequent intervals (Expt 2); appreciable numbers of seeds survived for 65 months in both. Calculations based on exponential decline curves indicated that 95% seed loss would take 15–39 months, depending on the site, cultivar and initial post-harvest stubble treatment. The third part of the paper is based on more detailed studies of persistence of seeds of six cultivars in Petri dishes and buried in 25 cm pots. This work confirmed that cultivars differed in their persistence, as Apex was confirmed as highly persistent, whereas Rebel was short-lived. There were inconsistencies in the response of cultivar Synergy between the Petri-dish and pot experiment, which need further study. This experiment also reinforced the conclusion of the initial field experiments that little seed loss occurs in the absence of cultivations. Appreciable numbers of rape seeds will persist up to 4 years, in normal cropping conditions and in the absence of cultivation one experiment has confirmed persistence for over 11 years.

Soil test phosphorus as affected by phosphorus budgets in two long-term field experiments in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 158-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Zicker ◽  
Sabine von Tucher ◽  
Mareike Kavka ◽  
Bettina Eichler-Löbermann
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Phosphorus Budgets ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus ◽  
Term Field

Soil organic carbon sequestration potential for Canadian Agricultural Ecoregions calculated using the Introductory Carbon Balance Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Bolinder ◽  
O. Andrén ◽  
T. Kätterer ◽  
L -E Parent
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Biological Activity ◽  
Sequestration Potential

The potential for storage of atmospheric CO2-C as soil organic C (SOC) in agroecosystems depends largely on soil biological activity and the quantity and quality of annual C inputs to soil. In this study we used the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM) approach driven by daily standard weather station data, specific soil properties and crop characteristics at the scale of Canadian agricultural ecoregions. The objectives were to calculate a climate-dependent soil biological activity parameter representative for annual agricultural crop production systems (re_crop) and to estimate the effect of fallow (re_fallow). These parameters are based on the daily product of soil temperature and stored water that influence biological activity in the arable layer, and are used to adjust the decomposition rates of the ICBM SOC pools. We also tested re_crop and re_fallow on SOC stock change data for different site and treatment combinations from long-term field experiments located in some of the ecoregions. An re_crop value of 0.95 for western ecoregions was on average 0.23 units lower than that of the eastern ecoregions, indicating a lower decomposition rate of SOC. Although the estimated annual C inputs to soil for small-grain cereals were on average ≈7.5% higher in the eastern ecoregions (305 vs. 285 g C m-2 yr-1), the overall results suggest that the western ecoregions would have a greater potential to maintain high SOC levels in the long term. However, these parameters varied between ecoregions and, consequently, the SOC sequestration potential was not always higher for the western ecoregions. The effect of fallow was on average ≈0.04, i.e., SOC decomposed slightly faster under fallow. Predictions for 24 out of 33 site and treatment combinations across Canada were significantly improved (P = 0.003), compared with a previous application with the ICBM that did not differentiate between crops and fallow. The methodology used here enabled us to examine regional differences in the potential for SOC sequestration as a balance between annual C inputs to soil and soil biological activity. Key words: Annual C inputs, climate, fallow, soil biological activity, agroecosystems

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