scholarly journals Genetic and endosymbiotic diversity of Greek populations of Philaenus spumarius, Philaenus signatus and Neophilaenus campestris, vectors of Xylella fastidiosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Despoina Ev. Kapantaidaki ◽  
Spyridon Antonatos ◽  
Vasiliki Evangelou ◽  
Dimitrios P. Papachristos ◽  
Panagiotis Milonas
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Olive Cultivation ◽  
Sap Feeding

AbstractThe plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa which causes significant diseases to various plant species worldwide, is exclusively transmitted by xylem sap-feeding insects. Given the fact that X. fastidiosa poses a serious potential threat for olive cultivation in Greece, the main aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variation of Greek populations of three spittlebug species (Philaenus spumarius, P. signatus and Neophilaenus campestris), by examining the molecular markers Cytochrome Oxidase I, cytochrome b and Internal Transcribed Spacer. Moreover, the infection status of the secondary endosymbionts Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Rickettsia, among these populations, was determined. According to the results, the ITS2 region was the less polymorphic, while the analyzed fragments of COI and cytb genes, displayed high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis placed the Greek populations of P. spumarius into the previously obtained Southwest clade in Europe. The analysis of the bacterial diversity revealed a diverse infection status. Rickettsia was the most predominant endosymbiont while Cardinium was totally absent from all examined populations. Philaenus spumarius harbored Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia, N. campestris carried Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia while P. signatus was infected only by Rickettsia. The results of this study will provide an important knowledge resource for understanding the population dynamics of vectors of X. fastidiosa with a view to formulate effective management strategies towards the bacterium.

scholarly journals Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies Pauca Sequence Type 53 by Different Insect Species

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Cavalieri ◽  
Giuseppe Altamura ◽  
Giulio Fumarola ◽  
Michele di Carolo ◽  
Maria Saponari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Exotic Pathogen

Diseases associated with Xylella fastidiosa have been described mostly in North and South America. However, during the last five years, widespread X. fastidiosa infections have been reported in a constrained area of the Apulia region (southern Italy), in olives trees suffering a severe disease, denoted as Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Because many xylem sap-feeding insects can function as vectors for the transmission of this exotic pathogen in EU, several research programs are ongoing to assess the role of candidate vectors in the spread of the infections. Initial investigations identified Philaenus spumarius (L.) as the predominant vector species in the olive orchards affected by the OQDS. Additional experiments have been carried out during 2016 and 2017 to assess the role of other species. More specifically, adults of the spittlebugs Philaenus italosignus Drosopolous and Remane, Neophilaenus campestris (Fallen) and of the planthopper Latilica tunetana (Matsumura) (Issidae) have been tested in transmission experiments to assess their ability to acquire the bacterium from infected olives and to infect different susceptible hosts (olives, almond, myrtle –leaf milkwort, periwinkle). Acquisition rates determined by testing individual insects in quantitative PCR assays, ranging from 5.6% in N. campestris to 22.2% in P. italosignus, whereas no acquisition was recorded for L. tunetana. Successful transmissions were detected in the recipient plants exposed to P. italosignus and N. campestris, whereas no trasmissions occurred with L. tunetana. The known vector Philaenus spumarius has been included in all the experiments for validation. The systematic surveys conducted in 2016 and 2017 provided further evidence on the population dynamics and seasonal abundance of the spittlebug populations in the olive groves.

scholarly journals A FIVE-YEAR SURVEY IN TUSCANY (ITALY) AND DETECTION OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSASUBSPECIES MULTIPLEXIN POTENTIAL INSECT VECTORS, COLLECTED IN MONTE ARGENTARIO

Redia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
ELISABETTA GARGANI ◽  
CLAUDIA BENVENUTI ◽  
LEONARDO MARIANELLI ◽  
PIO FEDERICO ROVERSI ◽  
MASSIMO RICCIOLINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Very High ◽  
Cicadella Viridis

The vector‐borne bacterium Xylella fastidiosa(Wells and Raju) causes several serious diseases to plants. Recently, different subspecies of X. fastidiosa were reported in some European countries. The risk of the bacterium’s spread on the entire European territory is very high; therefore, it has been added into the priority pest list (2019/1702/EU Regulation). The main purposes of this work were to verify the presence of potential vectors in areas at a high risk of introduction in Tuscany and to ascertain the presence of X. fastidiosa in these insect vectors. Over 4,000 Auchenorrhyncha were collected and analysed from 2015 to 2019. Among the xylem sap-feeder putative vectors, most of the insects collected belonged to the family Aphrophoridae, but also many species of leafhopper were identified. Overall, in Tuscany four species were the most represented: Philaenus spumarius(L.), Cicadella viridis(L.), Synophropsis lauri (Horvath) and Neophilaenus campestris(Fallen).In 2018 an outbreak of X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex was reported in Monte Argentario (Grosseto province, Tuscany). In 2019 X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex ST 87 was detected in seven P. spumarius and three N. campestris collected from the infected area.

scholarly journals Microbe Profile: Xylella fastidiosa – a devastating agricultural pathogen with an endophytic lifestyle

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey P. Burbank ◽  
M. Caroline Roper
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Quarantine Pathogen ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Vector Borne

Xylella fastidiosa is a vector-borne plant vascular pathogen that has caused devastating disease outbreaks in diverse agricultural crops worldwide. A major global quarantine pathogen, X. fastidiosa can infect hundreds of plant species and can be transmitted by many different xylem sap-feeding insects. Several decades of research have revealed a complex lifestyle dependent on adaptation to the xylem and insect environments and interactions with host plant tissues.

scholarly journals Causal Role of Xylella fastidiosa in Oleander Leaf Scorch Disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Purcell ◽  
S. R. Saunders ◽  
M. Hendson ◽  
M. E. Grebus ◽  
M. J. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Madagascar Periwinkle ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Valley Oak ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Negative Controls

A lethal leaf scorch disease of oleander (Nerium oleander) appeared in southern California in 1993. A bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, was detected by culturing, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and polymerase chain reaction in most symptomatic plants but not in symptomless plants or negative controls. Inoculating oleanders mechanically with X. fastidiosa cultures from diseased oleanders caused oleander leaf scorch (OLS) disease. The bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants that became diseased. Three species of xylem sap-feeding leafhoppers transmitted the bacterium from oleander to oleander. The bacterium multiplied, moved systemically, and caused wilting in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus rosea) and leaf scorch in periwinkle (Vinca major) in a greenhouse after inoculation with needle puncture. No bacterium was reisolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera), peach (Prunus persica), olive (Olea europaea), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), or valley oak (Quercus lobata) mechanically inoculated with OLS strains of X. fastidiosa. A 500-bp sequence of the 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic region of oleander strains showed 99.2% identity with Pierce's disease strains, 98.4% identity with oak leaf scorch strains, and 98.6% identity with phony peach, plum leaf scald, and almond leaf scorch strains.

scholarly journals Fluid dynamics in the functional foregut of xylem-sap feeding insects: A comparative study of two Xylella fastidiosa vectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 103995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Ranieri ◽  
Gianluca Zitti ◽  
Paola Riolo ◽  
Nunzio Isidoro ◽  
Sara Ruschioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Sap Feeding

In situ probing of Xylella fastidiosa in honeydew of a xylem sap-feeding insect using 16S rRNA-targeted fluorescent oligonucleotides

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge L. M. Rodrigues ◽  
Maria E. Silva-Stenico ◽  
Adriane N. de Souza ◽  
Joao R. S. Lopes ◽  
Siu M. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Sap Feeding

scholarly journals Survival and Inoculum Production of Gibberella zeae in Wheat Residue

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 724-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Pereyra ◽  
R. Dill-Macky ◽  
A. L. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Inoculum Production ◽  
Mesh Bags

Survival and inoculum production of Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (anamorph Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)), the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley, was related to the rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue decomposition. Infested wheat residue, comprising intact nodes, internodes, and leaf sheaths, was placed in fiberglass mesh bags on the soil surface and at 7.5- to 10-cm and 15- to 20-cm depths in chisel-plowed plots and 15 to 20 cm deep in moldboard-plowed plots in October 1997. Residue was sampled monthly from April through November during 1998 and every 2 months through April to October 1999. Buried residue decomposed faster than residue placed on the soil surface. Less than 2% of the dry-matter residue remained in buried treatments after 24 months in the field, while 25% of the residue remained in the soil-surface treatment. Survival of G. zeae on node tissues was inversely related to the residue decomposition rate. Surface residue provided a substrate for G. zeae for a longer period of time than buried residue. Twenty-four months after the initiation of the trial, the level of colonization of nodes in buried residue was half the level of colonization of residue on the soil surface. Colonization of node tissues by G. zeae decreased over time, but increased for other Fusarium spp. Ascospores of G. zeae were still produced on residue pieces after 23 months, and these spores were capable of inducing disease. Data from this research may assist in developing effective management strategies for residues infested with G. zeae.

scholarly journals Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Alina S. Puig ◽  
Sarah Wurzel ◽  
Stephanie Suarez ◽  
Jean-Philippe Marelli ◽  
Jerome Niogret
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mild Mosaic ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Coat Protein Region ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Virus Acquisition ◽  
Mild Mosaic Virus ◽  
Pseudococcus Comstocki ◽  
Genus One

Theobroma cacao is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the Badnavirus genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several species of Pseudococcidae (mealybugs). To determine which species are associated with virus-affected cacao plants in North America, and to assess their potential as vectors, mealybugs (n = 166) were collected from infected trees in Florida, and identified using COI, ITS2, and 28S markers. The species present were Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (38%; n = 63), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (34.3%; n = 57), Pseudococcus comstocki (15.7%; n = 26), and Ferrisia virgata (12%; n = 20). Virus acquisition was assessed by testing mealybug DNA (0.8 ng) using a nested PCR that amplified a 500 bp fragment of the movement protein–coat protein region of CaMMV. Virus sequences were obtained from 34.6 to 43.1% of the insects tested; however, acquisition did not differ among species, X2 (3, N = 166) = 0.56, p < 0.91. This study identified two new mealybug species, P. jackbeardsleyi and M. hirsutus, as potential vectors of CaMMV. This information is essential for understanding the infection cycle of CaMMV and developing effective management strategies.

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