Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol–ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst

AbstractIn this report, the utilization of mixed methanol–ethanol system for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using enhanced eggshell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst was investigated. CaO nano-catalyst was produced by calcination of eggshell powder at 900 °C and followed by hydration-dehydration treatment to improve its catalytic activity. The particle size, morphology, and elemental composition of a catalyst were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques, respectively. After hydration-dehydration the shape of a catalyst was changed from a rod-like to honeycomb-like porous microstructure. Likewise, average particle size was reduced from 21.30 to 13.53 nm, as a result, its surface area increases. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield were investigated, accordingly, an optimal biodiesel yield of 94% was obtained at 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C, and 120-min reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained using 6:6 equimolar ratio of methanol to ethanol, the yield even increased to 91% by increasing the catalyst loading to 3.5 wt%. Moreover, by slightly increasing the share of methanol in the mixture, at 8:4 ratio, the maximum biodiesel yield could reach 92%. Therefore, we suggest the utilization of methanol–ethanol mixture as a reactant and eggshell-derived CaO as a catalyst for enhanced conversion of WCO into biodiesel. It is a very promising approach for the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly technology. Properties of the biodiesel were also found in good agreement with the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards.

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Optimized Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) using Calcium Oxide (CaO) Nano-catalyst

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-55403-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Tadesse Anbessie Degfie ◽

Tadios Tesfaye Mamo ◽

Yedilfana Setarge Mekonnen

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Sem Images ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Nano Catalyst

AbstractBiodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) provides an alternative energy means of producing liquid fuels from biomass for various uses. Biodiesel production by recycling WCO and methanol in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst offers several benefits such as economic, environmental and waste management. A nano-catalyst of CaO was synthesized by thermal-decomposition method and calcinated at 500 °C followed by characterization using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The XRD results revealed nano-scale crystal sizes at high purity, with a mean particle size of ~29 nm. The SEM images exhibited morphology of irregular shapes and porous structure of the synthesized nanocatalysts. The highest conversion of WCO to biodiesel was estimated to be 96%, at optimized experimental conditions i.e., 50 °C, 1:8 WCO oil to methanol ratio, 1% by weight of catalyst loading rate and 90 minutes reaction time, which is among few highest conversions reported so far. Biodiesel properties were tested according to the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards. All reactions are carried-out under atmospheric pressure and 1500 rpm of agitation.

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils by Using Immobilized Microorganisms as Whole Cell Catalysts

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.107 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1070-1072 ◽

pp. 107-111

Author(s):

Gui Xiong Zhou ◽

Guan Yi Chen ◽

Bei Bei Yan

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Immobilized Cell ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

The Cost

The main hurdle to the commercialization of lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the cost of enzyme and feedstock oil. In order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, the lipase-producing whole cells ofAspergillus nigerand immobilized onto biomass support particles (BSPs) were used for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This article studies this technological process, focusing on optimization of several process parameters, including the water content, catalyst loading and molar ratio of methanol to waste cooking oil. The results indicate that the water content of 20%(based on oil weight), BSPs-immobilized cell catalysts of 6% and methanol/oil molar ratio of 4:1 are the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum methyl ester (ME) content in the reaction mixture reaches 84.7 wt.% after 72 h. In addition, the whole-cell biocatalysts showed excellent reusability, retaining 73% productivity after 6 batches. Our results suggest that whole-cell A. niger immobilized on BSP is a promising biocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.

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Optimization of Waste Cooking Oil’s FFA as Biodiesel Feedstock

Teknomekanik ◽

10.24036/teknomekanik.v4i1.9072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-21

Author(s):

Sri Rizki Putri Primandari ◽

Andril Arafat ◽

Harumi Veny

Keyword(s):

Irradiation Time ◽

Control Variable ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Feedstock ◽

Temperature Irradiation ◽

Acid Esterification ◽

Central Composite

Waste cooking oil has high Free Fatty Acid (FFA). It affected on decreasing a biodiesel production. FFA reduction is one of important processes in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Thus, this study aimed to examine the optimum condition in FFA reduction. The process is assisted by using ultrasonic irradiation on acid esterification. Variables of the process are acid concentration, molar ratio of methanol and oil, and irradiation time. Meanwhile temperature irradiation on 45oC is a control variable. Process optimization is conducted by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions of response were 7.22:1 (methanol to oil molar ratio), 0.92% wt H2SO4, 26.04 minutes (irradiation time), and 45oC (irradiation temperature). Ultrasonic system reduced FFA significantly compared to conventional method.

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Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

Academic Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.32861/ajc.61.20.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Ngee Sing Chong ◽

Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽

Saidi Abdulramoni ◽

Shruthi Perna ◽

Beng Guat Ooi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

The Cost ◽

Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

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Fe3O4 Magnetic Preparation by Bauxite Ore Washing Fine Mud

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.961 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1010-1012 ◽

pp. 961-965

Author(s):

Jian Qiang Xiao ◽

Guo Wei He ◽

Yan Jin Hu

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Aging Time ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Test Methods ◽

Raw Material ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Average Particle ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Particle Size Analyzer

Bauxite waste sludge as a raw material, the use of reverse chemical coprecipitation synthesize Fe3O4. Researching temperature, precipitation concentration, aging time and Fe2+/Fe3+ molar ratio effect on the particle size, morphology. Optimal experimental conditions: temperature 70 °C, the precipitant NaOH mass ratio of 10%, aging time 3h, Fe2+/Fe3+ molar ratio of 2:3. Test methods using a laser particle size analyzer, XRD analysis of the products were characterized, the product is Fe3O4, the average particle size of 0.11mm.

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9010067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Muhammad Hossain ◽

Md Siddik Bhuyan ◽

Abul Md Ashraful Alam ◽

Yong Seo

Keyword(s):

Solid Acid ◽

Solid Acid Catalyst ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

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Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanophase BaTiO3 and BaFe12O19 Powders

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-457-69 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fatih Dogan ◽

Shawn O'rourke ◽

Mao-Xu Qian ◽

Mehmet Sarikaya

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Hydrothermal Reaction ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Nanocrystalline Powders ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Average Particle ◽

Hydrothermal Conditions ◽

Processing Variables ◽

Xrd And Tem

ABSTRACTNanocrystalline powders with an average particle size of 50 nm has been synthesized in two materials systems under hydrothermal conditions below 100°C. Processing variables, such as temperature, concentration and molar ratio of reactants and reaction time were optimized to obtain particles of reduced size and stoichiometric compositions. Hydrothermal reaction takes place between Ba(OH)2 solution and titanium/iron precursors in sealed polyethylene bottles in the BaTiO3 and BaFe12O19 systems, respectively. While crystalline BaTiO3 forms relatively fast within a few hours, formation of fully crystalline and stoichiometric BaFei20i9 require considerably longer reaction times up to several weeks and strongly dependent on the Ba:Fe ratio of the precursors. The structural and compositional evaluation of the nanophase powders were studied by XRD and TEM techniques.

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Waste cooking oil processing for fatty acid methyl ester and mono glycerides production with magnetite catalyst

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(s1).s29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (S1) ◽

pp. 220-226

Author(s):

Widayat ◽

Hadiyanto ◽

D.A. Putra ◽

Nursafitri I. ◽

H. Satriadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Chemical Precipitation ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Number ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Oil Processing ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Methyl

The objective of this research was to produce biodiesel using waste cooking oil and various magnetite catalysts with the esterification-transesterification process. Magnetite catalysts tested were α- Fe2O3, α- Fe2O3/Al2O3, α- Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared through chemical precipitation and calcination. The esterificationtransesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO: methanol molar ratio of 15:1, catalyst (1% wt of oil), heated at 65℃ for 3 hrs. The results showed biodiesel production using α- Fe2O3-ZSM-5 catalyst obtained higher %FAME (83.28%), yield (91.915%) and monoglyceride content (16.72%) compared to others due to larger pore volume. Biodiesel produced passed the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based on density, acid number and viscosity.

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