scholarly journals Gaze-pattern similarity at encoding may interfere with future memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie klein Selle ◽  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Yoni Pertzov
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Way

AbstractHuman brains have a remarkable ability to separate streams of visual input into distinct memory-traces. It is unclear, however, how this ability relates to the way these inputs are explored via unique gaze-patterns. Moreover, it is yet unknown how motivation to forget or remember influences the link between gaze similarity and memory. In two experiments, we used a modified directed-forgetting paradigm and either showed blurred versions of the encoded scenes (Experiment 1) or pink noise images (Experiment 2) during attempted memory control. Both experiments demonstrated that higher levels of across-stimulus gaze similarity relate to worse future memory. Although this across-stimulus interference effect was unaffected by motivation, it depended on the perceptual overlap between stimuli and was more pronounced for different scene comparisons, than scene–pink noise comparisons. Intriguingly, these findings echo the pattern similarity effects from the neuroimaging literature and pinpoint a mechanism that could aid the regulation of unwanted memories.

scholarly journals When Gaze-Pattern Similarity May Interfere With Future Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie klein Selle ◽  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Yoni Pertzov
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
Human Brains

AbstractHuman brains have a remarkable ability to separate streams of visual input into distinct memory-traces. It is unclear, however, how this ability relates to the way these inputs are explored via unique gaze-patterns. Moreover, it is yet unknown how motivation to forget or remember influences the gaze similarity and memory relationship. In two experiments, we therefore used a modified directed-forgetting paradigm and either showed blurred versions of the encoded scenes (Experiment 1) or pink noise images (Experiment 2) during attempted memory control. Both experiments demonstrated that higher levels of across-stimulus gaze similarity relate to worse future memory. Although this across-stimulus interference effect was unaffected by motivation, it depended on the perceptual overlap between stimuli and was more pronounced for different scene comparisons, than scene-pink noise comparisons. Intriguingly, these findings echo the pattern similarity effects from the neuroimaging literature and pinpoint a mechanism that could aid the regulation of unwanted memories.

Memory control in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from item method directed forgetting in civil war victims in Northern Uganda

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zwissler ◽  
A. Hauswald ◽  
S. Koessler ◽  
V. Ertl ◽  
A. Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
War Victims ◽  
Ptsd Group

BackgroundTraumatized individuals and particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are characterized by memory disturbances that suggest altered memory control. The present study investigated the issue using an item method, directed forgetting (DF) paradigm in 51 civil war victims in Uganda. All participants had been exposed to severe traumatic stress and 26 additionally suffered from PTSD.MethodIn an item cued, DF paradigm photographs were presented, each followed by an instruction to either remember or forget it. A recognition test for all initially presented photographs and thematically similar distracters followed. DF patterns were compared between the non-PTSD and the PTSD groups. Post-experimental ratings of picture valence and arousal were collected and correlated with DF.ResultsResults revealed DF, that is, reduced recognition for ‘to-be-forgotten’ items in the non-PTSD but not in the PTSD group. Moreover, in the non-PTSD, but not in the PTSD group, false alarms were reduced for ‘to-be-remembered’ items. Finally, DF was reduced in those participants who rated the pictures as more arousing, the PTSD group giving, on average, higher arousal ratings.ConclusionsData indicate that DF is reduced in PTSD and that the reduction is related to stimulus arousal. Furthermore, individuals with PTSD are characterized by a more global encoding style than individuals without PTSD, reflected in a higher false alarm rate. In sum, traumatized individuals with (but not without) PTSD are impaired in their ability to selectively control episodic memory encoding. This impairment may contribute to clinical features of the disorder such as intrusions and flashbacks.

scholarly journals Directed forgetting in rats: Evidence for active memory control?

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-325
Author(s):  
Chiaki Tanaka ◽  
Hayato Yahagi ◽  
Tohru Taniuchi
Keyword(s):  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Active Memory ◽  
Memory Control

Influence of Task and Subject Variables in the Squares Test of Leveling-Sharpening

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Albert R. Gilgen ◽  
Paul Bakan
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Instructional Information ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject Variables ◽  
The Way

Leveling-sharpening, an hypothesized dimension of cognitive structure, is generally operationally defined in terms of differentiation and/or trend measures of Squares Test performance, both types of measures being assumed to reflect the degree to which memory traces of the stimuli (squares of light) assimilate. The findings of the present study of 300 Ss indicate that differentiation scores to some degree reflect: (a) the way Ss interpret the instructions concerning the response scale they are to use and/or (b) S's motivation to perform the task. Trend scores, on the other hand, were found to be a function, in part, of the degree to which S's rely on the instructional information given them concerning the size range of the squares, there being some evidence that women rely on this information more so than men.

scholarly journals Tracking Selective Rehearsal and Active Inhibition of Memory Traces in Directed Forgetting

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (13) ◽  
pp. 2638-2644.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christin Fellner ◽  
Gerd T. Waldhauser ◽  
Nikolai Axmacher
Keyword(s):  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Active Inhibition ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Selective Rehearsal

scholarly journals Ability of Architects to See Autopoietic Environmental Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Vytautas Petrušonis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Theoretical Methods ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article discusses the way of rating the competency of architects through their ability to recognize the autopoietic properties of architecture in developed urban projects. The following theoretical methods were used: abstraction, analogy, generalization and reasoning. Metalanguage of consideration (opposite to directive metalanguage) embedded in projects displays the fact, that a person is able to recognize such autopoietic features as connotations, memory traces, that are important for continuity of locus cultural identity.

Pattern Thinking

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Tanusree Dutta ◽  
Soumya Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Sales Promotions ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Consumer Experiences ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Consumers experience retail environments through the encounters they have. Out of these, the oft-repeated ones become part of the way they experience the world, which lay down and solidify neural connections and firing patterns leading to sight, hearing, feeling, and doing. This ‘doing' shapes consumer experiences. The foundation for such experiences is the fact that human brains are geared towards recognizing patterns and interruptions in patterns. To their benefit, retailers use information about the brain identifying patterns of experience and anomalies in those patterns. This knowledge makes sales promotions so fundamental for engaging buyers. Their visit to their favorite store is interrupted by a sudden discount or an alluring offer, which retailers are forever carrying out to seduce buyers. This chapter explores the neuroscience theories that equip the retailers to send out signals to entice buyers and covers applications of such theories in real retail encounters, including the role of dopamine and the brain, impulse buying, and the thrill of hunting deals.

scholarly journals Tracking selective rehearsal and active inhibition of memory traces in directed forgetting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christin Fellner ◽  
Gerd T. Waldhauser ◽  
Nikolai Axmacher
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Intentional Control ◽  
Active Inhibition ◽  
Intentional Forgetting ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Neural Inhibition ◽  
Selective Rehearsal ◽  
Open Question

SummarySelectively remembering or forgetting newly encountered information is essential for goal-directed behavior. It is still an open question, however, whether intentional forgetting is an active process based on the inhibition of unwanted memory traces or whether it occurs passively through reduced recruitment of selective rehearsal [1,2]. Here we show that intentional control of memory encoding relies on both, enhanced active inhibition and decreased selective rehearsal, and that these two processes can be separated in time and space. We applied representational similarity analysis (RSA [3]) and timefrequency analysis to EEG data during an item-method directed forgetting experiment [4]. We identified neural signatures of both the intentional suppression and the voluntary upregulation of item-specific representations. Successful active forgetting was associated with a downregulation of item-specific representations in an early time window, 500ms after the instruction. This process was initiated by an increase in oscillatory alpha (8-13 Hz) power, a well-established signature of neural inhibition [5,6], in occipital brain areas. During a later time window, 1500ms after the cue, intentional forgetting was associated with reduced employment of active rehearsal processes, as reflected by an attenuated upregulation of item-specific representations as compared to intentionally encoded items. Our data show that active inhibition and selective rehearsal are two separate mechanisms whose consecutive employment allows for a voluntary control of memory formation.

Moses and Monotheism and the Mahābhārata

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alf Hiltebeitel
Keyword(s):  
The Unconscious ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Self Presentations ◽  
Unconscious Memory ◽  
The Way

Chapter 6 draws from Freud’s Moses and Monotheism, which posits that religious traditions, like neuroses, must be studied not only through their conscious self-presentations but also through trauma they have undergone that survives in unconscious memory traces and can return from repression. It is posited that the Mahābhārata recalls the trauma faced by a rural village and forest-based Brahmanism during India’s second urbanization, about which the epic tells its central apocalyptic myth of the unburdening of the goddess Earth from demon-inspired overpopulation. It also looks at the Mahābhārata via its putative author Vyāsa, taking him as a figure through whom to study the text’s literary experimentations. It views Vedic allusive humor as the way epic poets give play to repressed sexual themes. Freud’s 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious is a source for understanding the epic’s allusive tendentious hostile and sexual jokes about the “exposure” of women.

Building Sensorium

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Josephine Anstey ◽  
Roy Roussel
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Art Making ◽  
Conscious Thought ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Conscious Thinking ◽  
The Way

Gilles Deleuze assumes that the source of creativity/the new (as opposed to just the development of what already is implicit in existing things) lies outside conscious thinking. Deleuze argues that film mimics our automatic processing of visual input and therefore is able to intervene in this processing in ways that conscious thought cannot, at the level of the most basic sensory experience. Since computers can and already offer input to multiple senses, can they do similar work? The authors discuss Deleuze's approach to finding the difference between development and creativity via the analysis of film technology and ask whether anyone is using computers the way Deleuze conceives of those film-makers who are philosophic using film? The focus of this article is on creativity in the domain of art making.

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