Inicjacje terenowe i rozwojowy wymiar doświadczania „pola badawczego”. Opowieści o wojnie, zesłaniu i terenowym modus operandi

Ethnographic field research involves not only work, but also personal and existential experience. Sometimes it is routine, ordinary, and on schedule, but generally, it is not without difficulties and challenges. I discuss some of these in this article. The analysis is based on my own research experience, the common feature of which is the transgressive nature of experiences related by people and issues generally defined as “difficult”. My research projects involved war victims (exiles, refugees, deportees), i.e. people who often found themselves in life-threatening situations, had experienced loss, trauma and death of their relatives. Our meetings and interviews had cognitive, psychological and devel- opmental dimension, both in a personal and professional sense. I refer to these situations as “initiatory” experiences, as they constitute significant turning points in my perception of reality and my approach to research as a profession. In this paper, I discuss both meth- odological challenges related to research deemed difficult, as well as dilemmas related to ethnographic epistemology and the auto-ethnographic turn. My main concern here is whether and how to write about what is happening on the margins of field research and the personal struggles involved in such research.

Organisasi Cacat Pejuang Kemerdekaan Indonesia: Dari Ikatan Invaliden Indonesia Hingga Korps Cacad Veteran (1946-1983)

Abstrak: Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu 1946-1949 menyebabkan banyaknya korban perang yang menjadi cacat. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai bagaimana perjuangan selanjutnya para prajurit yang menjadi cacat akibat perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1946-1983). Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode historis yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pembentukan dan perkembangan organisasi cacat pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia dalam usahanya untuk terus berguna bagi negara serta menyejahterakan kehidupan para anggotanya dalam kurun waktu 1946- 1983. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dengan tahapan penelitian heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan berdirinya organisasi cacat pejuang kemerdekaan pada 1946 di Malang dengan nama Ikatan Invaliden Indonesia dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya upaya untuk memberdayakan dan menyejahterakan korban cacat perang kemerdekaan dan dalam perkembangannya hingga 1983 menunjukkan bahwa organisasi ini memberikan sumbangsih bagi anggotanya yaitu mendapatkan kesejahteraan serta memberikan kesempatan untuk terus berguna bagi negara.Kata Kunci: Invaliden, Korps Cacat Veteran Republik Indonesia, Cacat Veteran.Abstrak: The Indonesian War of Independence that occurred in the period 1946-1949 caused many war victims to become disabled. This research will discusses how the next struggle of the soldiers who became disabled as a result of the war of Indonesian Independence (1946-1983). This study aims to describe the formation and development of disabled organizations for Indonesian independence fighters in their efforts to continue to be useful to the country and to improve the lives of their members in the period 1946-1983. This study uses historical research methods with the stages of heuristic research, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study indicate that the establishment of a disabled organization for freedom fighters in 1946 in Malang under the name of the Indonesian Invaliden Association was motivated by efforts to empower and prosper the disabled victims of the war of independence and in its development until 1983 showed that this organization contributed to its members, namely getting welfare and providing opportunities for continue to be useful to the country.Keywords: Invalid, Indonesian Republic Veteran Disability Corps, Veteran Disability.

Correlation between Spiritual Intelligence and Clinical Competency in Students Who Are Children of War Victims

Objective: Providing effective and correct care to patients requires clinical competence. One of the important components in clinical competence is spiritual intelligence the purpose of the study was to consider the correlation between clinical competence and spiritual intelligence in students who are children of victims of war of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Method: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 145 Martyrs' and War Veterans' Students of medical, nursing, midwifery, and paramedical schools. Sampling was done through census of students of operating room, anesthesia, medicine, nursing, midwifery, laboratory science, and radiology. The data collection tools were Kazdin et al’s (1986) Spiritual Intelligence questionnaire and Liu et al’s (2009) Clinical Competency Assessment questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software. Results: The results of data analysis showed a direct, positive, and significant linear relationship between spiritual intelligence and clinical competence of all students (P < 0.05). According to the students' self-report, the highest mean score of clinical competency of the students was related to medical students with a mean score of 37 and the lowest to the laboratory students with a mean score of 30 (P =0.012). In addition, the results showed that the highest mean score of spiritual intelligence belonged to nursing students with a score of 48 (good spiritual intelligence) and the lowest to radiology students with a score of 39 (moderate spiritual intelligence) (P =0.019). Conclusion: We found that there is a direct and positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and clinical competence, so it seems that promoting spiritual intelligence may be associated with an increase in clinical competence.

The Impact of Historic Events on the Formation of the Creative Method of Ernest Kontratovych in the Early Period (1930s-1940s)

The article focuses on the early works of Ernest Kontratovych (1912-2009), one of the founders of the cultural and artistic centre in Subcarpathian Ruthenia. His period of creative formation occurred between the 1930s and the 1940s. At that time, Subcarpathian Ruthenia, as part of the Czechoslovak Republic, suffered from the effects of irregular agrarian reform and the Global economic crisis that has affected all of Europe. The mountainous areas of Verkhovyna, where government action and the crisis have led to poverty and famine, have suffered the most. After graduating from the Uzhhorod Singing and Teaching Seminary (1932), Kontratovych was sent to remote villages in mountainous areas for pedagogical work. There he witnessed the events that led to the choice of themes for his early works. Tragedies, such as the depopulation of villages, famine, and impoverishment of the people of Verkhovyna, and resulted in a picturesque series with images of the disadvantaged people, the cripples, the beggars. These experiences made a lasting effect on Kontratovych’s work. He peculiarly interpreted the theme of war. The lack of images of military activity is compensated by images of war victims – the orphaned children, crippled people, beggars. The study examines Kontratovych’s expressionist style in the context of the tasks perceived by the artist as his responsibilities to recreate and convey to the audience the tragedy of the contemporary situation. Exaggeration and deformation of form, as well as displacement of objects, emphasized the emotional intensity of the works. At the same time, he frequently turned to the daily life of the people of Verkhovyna, which created a counterbalance to these dramatic works. Traditional events such as wedding processions, preparations of the bride, and dances are shown in an optimistic, joyful palette in a similarly expressionist style.

The Maternité Anglaise: A Lasting Legacy of the Friends’ War Victims’ Relief Committee to the People of France during the First World War (1914–1918)

After the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, the British government’s call to arms caused a moral and religious dilemma for members of the Religious Society of Friends (Friends or Quakers), whose fundamental principle was (and is) the rejection of war and violence. Many Friends sought means of reconciling their duty to God with their duty to their country, and the prospect of helping to alleviate the suffering of the civilian victims of the fighting provided them with an acceptable alternative. Together with fellow Friend T. Edmund Harvey MP, Dr Hilda Clark set about rallying the support of Friends and sympathisers willing to go out to France to administer humanitarian aid to non-combatants. The committee adopted the name used by the distinguished organisation that had administered relief in the Franco-Prussian War—the Friends’ War Victims’ Relief Committee (FWVRC). Extensive and multifaceted aid work was carried out in much of northern France by the FWVRC’s general relief team. The following essay, however, examines more closely the medical assistance provided under the leadership of Hilda Clark. In particular, it focuses on the maternity hospital created and run by the FWVRC in Châlons-sur-Marne, which became a lasting legacy of the Friends to the people of the Marne.

Education on the Roma Genocide in the Second World War in the Republic of Croatia

The Roma population has been living in Croatian territories for more than six centuries and during that period was mostly persecuted by state and local authorities who sought to assimilate them. Such antigypsyism political practice was not unique only for the Croatian territory but was practiced in most other European countries. After World War II there was no commemoration and recognition of Roma victims in most European countries, including socialist Croatia (Yugoslavia). Such marginalization of the culture of remembrance of Roma war victims was reflected in the lack of education on this subject in the Croatian education system, where it is mostly mentioned in only a few words. The paper focuses on the analysis of how the issue of Roma suffering in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Europe is (un)integrated into the Croatian education system.

Introduction

Innocence is central to German memory politics; indeed, one can say that the German memory landscape is saturated with claims of innocence. The Great War is commonly portrayed as a loss of innocence, while the Nazis sought, in their way, to reclaim that innocence by proclaiming Germany as the innocent victim. After World War II, denazification and courts established administrative and legal boundaries within which claims of innocence could be formulated and adjudicated, while the “zero hour” and “economic miracle” established a basis for a different form of reclaiming innocence, one roundly critiqued by Theodor W. Adorno in his essay “What Does Coming to Terms with the Past Mean?”1 In the 1980s, Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s famous pronouncement of the “grace [Gnade] of a late birth” (also translatable as “mercy,” “pardon,” or “blessing”) became the touchstone for a resurgence of war children’s (Kriegskinder) memory. In the 1990s, the myth of the Wehrmacht as largely innocent of atrocities was publicly challenged. Today, rightwing critiques that cast Holocaust remembrance as a politics of shame draw upon tropes of innocence, of German air war victims and post-war generations, while right-wing images of migrants are cast in classic forms of threats to the purity of the “national body” (Volkskörper). The quickening pace of contemporary debates over Germany’s colonial past pointedly questions the innocence of today’s beneficiaries of colonialism, drawing attention to the borders and contours of implication.

Reconciling State Immunity with Remedies for War Victims in a Legal Pluriverse

The chapter explains the threefold aspiration of the book as an academic, societal, and diplomatic project. It introduces the three interwoven themes of international law arising in the German-Italian saga: state immunity, reparation for serious human rights violations committed during World War II, and the interplay between international and domestic law, notably the role of courts therein. The chapter proposes an approach of ‘ordered pluralism’ to coordinate this interplay, and finally tables a ‘modest proposal’ for a way out of the current impasse.