scholarly journals A primary study of breeding system of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Xiaohan Sun ◽  
Jibin Dong ◽  
Rong Cui ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba

AbstractZiziphus jujuba var. spinosa has been used as a windbreak and for soil conservation and water retention. Previous studies focused on pharmacological effects and extraction of chemical components in this species, and very few explored the breeding system. The present study combined the analysis of floral morphology, behavior of flower visitors, and artificial pollination to reveal reproductive characteristics of the species. Its flowers are characterized by dichogamy, herkogamy, and stamen movement, which are evolutionary adaptations to its breeding system. There were more than 40 species of visiting insects, mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera, and the characteristics of dichogamous and herkogamous flower adapted to the visiting insects. The breeding system is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. The fruit setting rate after natural pollination was 2%. Geitonogamy and xenogamy did not significantly increase the fruit setting rate, indicating that the low fruit setting rate was not due to pollen limitation by likely caused by resource limitation or fruit consumption. The fruit setting rate of zero in emasculated and in naturally and hand self-pollinated individuals suggested the absence of apomixis and spontaneous self-pollination. The above results can be utilized in studies on evolution and cultivation of Z. jujuba var. spinosa.

Variable patterns of seed maturation and abortion in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1677-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Susko ◽  
Lesley Lovett-Doust
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Mature Seeds

We investigated variation in ovule development within and among fruits in garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande. Individuals were sampled at 14 sites in North America. On average, 94% of ovules showed evidence of fertilization and development. The majority of ovules (mean 68%; range 53.2-82.5%) reached seed maturity. Patterns of seed maturation and abortion varied nonrandomly within and among fruits. In sites in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ontario, resource limitation seemed to be an important determinant of seed production, as fruits initiated nearest the base of an infructescence were significantly more likely to produce mature seeds than distally located fruits. Also the probability of seed maturation within individual fruits decreased significantly from the pedicellar to the stylar ends. In contrast, for individuals from Ohio sites, the probability of maturing seeds was greatest for centrally located fruits within an infructescence as well as for centrally located ovules within fruits, indicating a greater influence of pollen limitation in addition to resource limitation. We conclude that it could be misleading to infer traits of a species as a whole based on observed patterns of seed maturation in a single site or region. Rather such patterns may reflect prevailing conditions and selection pressures at a local, or regional, scale.Key words: Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae, garlic mustard, ovule abortion, seed maturation, patterns.

Breeding System and Tests for Pollen-Limitation in Two Species of Banksia

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Goldingay ◽  
RJ Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination

Three factors that potentially influence fruit set (breeding system, inadequate cross-pollination and variable floral display) were examined for two species of Banksia. Firstly, self-pollination and autogamy treatments failed to produce any fruit in B. spinulosa and produced very few fruit in B. paludosa. This suggests that cross pollen is required to produce the level of fruit set observed in the field. Secondly, when plants were given abundant cross pollen, fruit set was not altered in B. spinulosa but was in B. paludosa. Although the number of follicles per inflorescence was was not different for open- pollinated (control) and manipulated B. paludosa inflorescences, the latter produced twice the proportion of inflorescences with follicles produced by control plants and twice the total number of follicles per plant. Thirdly, larger floral display in open-pollinated B. spinulosa plants was associated with a greater production of fruit. However, larger floral display was not associated with a greater reproductive output in B. paludosa, and we suggest that recurrent pollen-limitation in this species may be responsible for this result.

scholarly journals Effect of plant growth regulators on two different types of eggplant flowers regarding style length and fruit setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0906-e0906
Author(s):  
Sedighehsadat Khaleghi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Final Yield

Aim of study: (i) to explore differences between eggplant flowers capable of setting fruit including long (LGs) and medium style flowers (MEs) and those which suffer from severe problems with fertility and fruit setting including short style ones (SRTs); (ii) to study the effect of plant growth regulators on floral morphology and fruit setting. Area of study: Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, 2017 and 2018. Material and methods: First the floral morphology and initial fruit setting of 13 eggplant genotypes from Iran were investigated. Then the differences between LGs and SRTs of two genotypes were explored. Finally, the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and spermidine (Spd) on floral morphology and initial and final fruit setting of these two genotypes was determined. Main results: Results showed SRTs were not capable of fruit setting. Compared to SRTs, LGs had larger central canals, higher protein, total sugar, reducing sugar and K concentrations, as well as longer polar axis and pollen tubes and greater pollen viability. Although 1.5 mM Spd and 20 mg L-1 NAA resulted in increasing of LGs and MEs, and also total initial fruit set, surprisingly, no significant differences were observed in the final yield and final fruit set between the control and these treatments. Researching highlights: Since the rate of fruit dropping was higher in those treatments compared to the control, plants with more SRTs likely regulate their final load by abscising their flowers, and plants with more LGs regulate them by abscising their fruits.

scholarly journals Chemical and mechanical methods on fruit setting and pomological traits of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) under Czech agro climatic condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Saket Mishra ◽  
Mithun Tarafdar ◽  
Ravi Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Chinese Jujube ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba ◽  
Bud Breaking

Abstract. The aim of this research was conducted to improve fruit set using different types of treatments and to find out the best treatment on the basis of number of fruits and pomological traits. For the research, ten years old 12 Lang cultivar of jujube trees and 3 seedlings from open pollinated of Ukraine genotypes were used. The tree spacing was 3.50×1.26 m. Spraying of Borax showed that average numbers of fruits were higher than the other treatments, average values of height, weight, width and thickness were also higher than the other treatments. On the other hand Urea and Girdling gave poor results in both years. In case of seedlings, different treatments for fruit setting have not given good results. Spraying with different treatments did not affect fruit-setting and pomological characteristics as well, in a larger scale. In 2006, bud breaking started in jujube cultivars on 28th April and in seedlings on 6th May. In 2007, bud breaking started in jujube cultivars 11 days earlier and 10 days earlier on 26th April in seedling. In jujube cultivars, there were some variations in the dates of flowering during 2006; the average date of flowering was 26th June in 2006 for all cultivars of jujube. In seedlings, flowering started on 6th July 2006. During 2007 flowering started in jujube cultivar jujube cultivars started flowering 12 days earlier and seedlings 22 days earlier. During 2006, fruit set started in jujube cultivars and seedlings, on 12th July and 14th July respectively. During 2007, fruit set started in jujube cultivars and seedlings on 1st July and 10th July respectively. In 2007 fruit set in jujube cultivars started 11 days earlier and in seedlings 4 days earlier. During 2006, ripening started in jujube cultivars and seedlings on 26th Sept. During 2007 ripening started in jujube cultivars and seedlings on 2nd and 10th Sep. respectively. In 2007, ripening started in jujube cultivars 24 days earlier and seedlings 16 days earlier. Statistical evaluations of the data showed the differences between 2006 and 2007.

scholarly journals Poor fruit set due to lack of pollinators in Aristolochia manshuriensis (Aristolochiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Olga V. Nakonechnaya ◽  
Olga G. Koren ◽  
Vasilii S. Sidorenko ◽  
Sergey A. Shabalin ◽  
Tatyana O. Markova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Aristolochia Manshuriensis

Background and aims – Interactions of insects with trap flowers of Aristolochia manshuriensis, a relic woody liana with fragmented natural populations from south-eastern Russia, were studied. Pollination experiments were conducted to identify the causes of the poor fruit set in this plant.Material and methods – The study was carried out at two ex situ sites within the natural range of A. manshuriensis in the suburban zone of the city of Vladivostok (Russia). The floral morphology was examined to verify how it may affect the process of pollination in this species. To test for a probability of self-pollination, randomly selected flowers at the female phase of anthesis (day 1 of limb opening) were hand-pollinated with pollen from the same plant. The daily insect visitation was studied. The pollen limitation coefficient and the number of visitors to the flowers were determined. To identify insects that lay eggs on the flowers, the insects were reared from eggs collected from fallen flowers. Both caught and reared insects were identified.Key results – The floral morphology and the colour pattern of A. manshuriensis are adapted to temporarily trap insects of a certain size. The hand-pollination experiment showed that flowers of this plant are capable of self-pollination by geitonogamy and require a pollinator for successful pollination. The positive value (2.64) for the pollen limitation coefficient indicates a higher fruit set after hand-pollination compared to the control without pollination. The number of visitors to the flowers was low (0.17 visitors per flower per day). Insects from three orders were observed on the flowers: Diptera (up to 90.9%), Coleoptera (8.3%), and Hymenoptera (0.8%). Four species of flies (Scaptomyza pallida, Drosophila transversa (Drosophilidae), Botanophila fugax, and Botanophila sp. 1 (Anthomyiidae)) are capable of transferring up to 2500–4000 pollen grains on their bodies and can be considered as pollinators of A. manshuriensis. Data of the rearing experiment indicate that flies of the families Drosophilidae (S. pallida, D. transversa), Chloropidae (Elachiptera tuberculifera, E. sibirica, and Conioscinella divitis), and Anthomyiidae (B. fugax, B. sp. 1) use A. manshuriensis flowers to lay eggs. Beetles were also collected from the flowers, but they were probably not involved in pollination, because no pollen grains were observed on them during our study.Conclusions – Pollinators of A. manshuriensis include mainly Diptera that lay eggs on the flowers. The poor fruit set (2%) in A. manshuriensis is associated with pollen limitation due to the lack of pollinators, as the number of visitors to flowers was extremely low. This may be due to the fact that the flowers of this species are highly specialized on insects of a certain size for pollination.

scholarly journals Impacts of Urbanization and Associated Factors on Ecosystem Services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, China: Implications for Land Use Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushuo Zhang ◽  
Xiao Lu ◽  
Boyu Liu ◽  
Dianting Wu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Net Primary Productivity

Conflicts between ecological conservation and socio-economic development persisted over many decades in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH). Ecosystem services were affected drastically by rapid urbanization and ecological restoration programs in the BTH since 2000. This study aims to identify the spatial patterns of the four types of ecosystem services (net primary productivity (NPP), crop production, water retention, and soil conservation) in 2000 and 2010, and to make clear the impacts of urbanization and associated factors on the spatial patterns of ecosystem services. Based on the quantification of ecosystem services, we assessed the spatial patterns and changes, and identified the relationships between the type diversity of ecosystem services and land-use change. We also analyzed the effect of the spatial differentiation of influencing factors on ecosystem services, using the geographical detector model. The results showed that the average value of crop production increased substantially between 2000 and 2010, whereas the net primary productivity decreased significantly, and the water retention and soil conservation decreased slightly. The ecosystem services exhibited a spatial similar to that of influencing factors, and the combination of any two factors strengthened the spatial effect more than a single factor. The geomorphic factors (elevation and slope) were found to control the distribution of NPP, water retention, and soil conservation. The population density was responsible for crop production. We also found that the urbanization rate plays a major indirect role in crop production and water retention when interacting with population density and slope, respectively. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) indirectly influences the spatial distribution of NPP when interacting with geomorphic factors. These findings highlight the need to promote new strategies of land-use management in the BTH. On the one hand, it is necessary to carefully select where new urban land should be located in order to relieve the pressure on ecosystem services in dense urban areas. On the other hand, the maintenance of ecological restoration programs is needed for improving vegetation coverage in the ecological functional zones in the medium and long term.

Pollen limitation in a northern population of Hepatica acutiloba

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1234-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Murphy ◽  
Liette Vasseur
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Pollinator Limitation ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Distribution Limit ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
Distribution Limits ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Reallocation Of Resources

Pollen and (or) pollinator limitation may be most likely to occur in spring wildflowers or populations of species near their distribution limits. From 1990 to 1992, we examined a 2-ha population of a perennial spring wildflower, Hepatica acutiloba (Ranunculaceae), at the northern distribution limit of the species. To distinguish between the often confounded effects of pollen and resource limitation, we applied partial and whole-plant treatments. Ramets were open-pollinated, cross-pollinated, open- and cross-pollinated (50% of flowers were open-pollinated, and 50% were hand-pollinated), or self-pollinated. Although there was year to year variation, plants with cross-pollinated flowers produced significantly more viable seeds and heavier seeds than plants with self- or open-pollinated flowers. Comparisons between seed numbers and masses from complete and partial treatments suggested that there was no reallocation of resources among flowers on a plant. From 1990 to 1992, a minimum of 95% of all visits to a subset of ramets of H. acutiloba were from Asclera ruficollis (Coleoptera: Oedemeridae), i.e., virtually the only insect active during flowering. Mark–recapture data for A. ruficollis indicated that even after 6–48 h, 22–40% of the individuals remained within 10 m of the same ramet of H. acutiloba. Observational data indicated that less than 50% of all flowering ramets of H. acutiloba may be visited by A. ruficollis. We conclude that pollen limitation, mediated by reliance on one sedentary pollinator, was the main cause of low seed production in open-pollinated flowers of H. acutiloba. Key words: Hepatica acutiloba, pollen limitation, pollinator limitation, distribution limit, Asclera ruficollis, Oedemeridae.

Breeding system in an alpine species: Rhododendron ferrugineum L. (Ericaceae) in the French northern Alps

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Escaravage ◽  
André Pornon ◽  
Bernard Doche ◽  
Irene Till-Bottraud
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Selfing Rate ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Fertility Index ◽  
Rhododendron Ferrugineum ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Alpine Shrub

The breeding system of the alpine shrub Rhododendron ferrugineum was studied at two sites of a population (site L and site H) in the French Alps. The aims were to estimate the degree of selling and (or) outcrossing and to determine if floral traits (including floral morphology, pollen to ovule ratio, stigma receptivity) may be related to the breeding system of the shrub. First, floral traits (corolla length and anther, and style heights) were measured, the number of pollen tetrads and ovules were counted, and the date of stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence were recorded. Second, five pollinations treatments (unmanipulated flowers, natural selfing, hand selfing, natural outcrossing, and hand outcrossing) were performed on 35 randomly chosen individuals in each site, and after each treatment the number of seeds per fruit was recorded. The results demonstrate that Rhododendron ferrugineum is self-compatible (self-compatibility index = 0.95 and 0.97; auto-fertility index = 0.92 and 0.98; selfing rate = 0.24 and 0.11 at sites L and H, respectively). Indices values are not significantly different between the two sites and facultatively xenogamous (pollen to ovule ratio = 669.5 ± 280.5 and 845.2 ± 246.9 at sites L and H, respectively). Key words: breeding system, Rhododendron ferrugineum, floral morphology, phenology, P:O ratio.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of endemic Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) and updating of its current geographic distribution as the basis for its conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Coelho ◽  
D. C. Gomes ◽  
F. A. G. Guilherme ◽  
L. F. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Pollination Mechanism ◽  
Euglossa Cordata ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

Abstract The genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) includes more than 1400 species and has buzz-pollinated flowers with poricidal anthers. The present study aimed to describe the distribution, breeding system and pollination mechanism of Solanum melissarum, a species endemic to Brazil. The study of breeding system was conducted in an urban forest fragment in Jataí, GO. Distribution data were gathered from floristic surveys and digital plant databases. The floral morphology and the pollination mechanism were studied on through field observations and preserved flowers. The breeding system was determined through hand pollination treatments. The species has a distribution only in the Brazilian Atlantic forest coastal, and this study provides the first records of S. melissarum for the state of Goiás. The pendulous flowers have poricidal anthers close to the stigma, with membranous thecae joined by a connective bearing osmophores that attract males of Euglossa cordata bees. As they collect fragrances, the bees press the thecae and pollen is released through a bellows mechanism. Based on the hand-pollination treatments, this species is self-incompatible. Isolated forest fragments may not include enough pollinators to ensure the pollination of plants with specialized systems. However, they are essential for the conservation of species with interesting phytogeographic patterns, such as the vicariance observed in S. melissarum, and for the conservation of regional diversity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document