Analysis of the physical properties of spindle seeds for seed sorting operations

AbstractThe relationships between the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spindle species were evaluated for the needs of seed sorting operations. Physical properties were measured in the seeds of five spindle species, and the presence of relationships between these attributes was determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 9.2 to 10.3 m s−1, thickness—from 2.57 to 3.26 mm, width—from 2.87 to 3.74 mm, length—from 3.94 to 5.52 mm, angle of external friction—from 20.7° to 24.6°, mass—from 16.5 to 33.8 mg. Spindle seeds were arranged in the following ascending order based on their geometric mean diameter: winged spindle, Hamilton’s spindle, large-winged spindle, broadleaf spindle and European spindle. Spindle seeds should be separated in a sieve equipped with at least two mesh screens with slotted apertures. Depending on the processed spindle species, aperture size should range from ≠ 2.7 to ≠ 3.5 mm in the top screen, and from ≠ 2.4 to ≠ 3.0 mm in the bottom screen.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9100617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass, and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, and specific mass) of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—5.25 to 8.34 m s−1, thickness—1.10 to 2.32 mm, width—1.43 to 3.19 mm, length—2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction—23.1 to 30.0°, and mass—2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer’s spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

10.20944/preprints201901.0105.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Piotr Markowski ◽

Andrzej Anders ◽

Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

White Fir ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Separation Devices

Research Highlights: The correlations between the analyzed physical properties of seeds and seed mass were determined. The results were analyzed to determine most effective seed separation devices for the evaluated fir species. Background and Objectives: Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected fir species, and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – from 4.8 to 7.1 m s-1, thickness – from 1.76 to 3.22 mm, width – from 3.29 to 5.57 mm, length – from 5.44 to 11.06 mm, angle of external friction – from 26 to 33°, and mass – from 7.9 to 48.3 mg. The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

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Variations and Correlations between the Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

10.20944/preprints201808.0400.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Zbigniew Żuk ◽

Elżbieta Kusińska

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

External Friction ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Seed Processing ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Sphericity Index ◽

Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios, geometric mean diameter, sphericity index and specific mass of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – 5.25 to 8.34 m s-1, thickness – 1.10 to 2.32 mm, width – 1.43 to 3.19 mm, length – 2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction – 23.1 to 30.0°, and mass – 2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer's spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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Variation and Correlation between the Physical Properties of Dogwood Seeds

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2021.6461 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 1252-1265

Author(s):

Zdzisław KALINIEWICZ

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Cornus Florida ◽

Cornus Officinalis ◽

Cornus Alba ◽

Cornus Mas ◽

Cornus Kousa ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Cornus Controversa

Information about the physical properties of berries of selected dogwood species is available in the literature, but the basic physical traits of berry seeds have not been investigated to date. In this study, the terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, angle of external friction and mass of seeds of 11 dogwood species were measured. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio and sphericity index of each seed. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity - from 9.95 to 13.15 m s-1, thickness - from 3.31 to 5.02 mm, width - from 4.14 to 5.38 mm, length - from 4.33 to 11.55 mm, angle of external friction - from 9.97 to 29.85 ºC, mass - from 33.06 to 175.51 mg. The analyzed dogwood species were arranged in the following ascending order based on the geometric mean diameter of their seeds: Cornus macrophylla, Cornus alba, Cornus amonum, Cornus kousa, Cornus obliqua, Cornus controversa, Cornus walteri, Cornus sanguinea, Cornus florida, Cornus officinalis and Cornus mas. The seeds of Cornus alba, Cornus controversa, Cornus florida, Cornus kousa, Cornus macrophylla, Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis could be sorted with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings, the seeds of Cornus macrophylla, Cornus sanguinea and Cornus walteri - with the use of mesh sieves with round openings, and the seeds of Cornus alba, Cornus macrophylla and Cornus obliqua - with the use of cylindrical graders.

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Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9040711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽

Dariusz J. Choszcz

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Landscape Design ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Size Fractions ◽

Physical Attributes

Viburnum is a genus of colorful and ornamental plants popular in landscape design on account of their high esthetic appeal. The physical properties of viburnum seeds have not been investigated in the literature to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seeds of selected Viburnum species and to search for potential relationships between their physical attributes for the needs of seed sorting operations. The basic physical parameters of the seeds of six Viburnum species were measured, and the relationships between these attributes were determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 5.6 to 7.9 m s−1, thickness—from 1.39 to 1.87 mm, width—from 3.59 to 6.33 mm, length—from 5.58 to 7.44 mm, angle of external friction—from 36.7 to 43.8°, mass—from 16.7 to 35.0 mg. The seeds of V. dasyanthum, V. lentago and V. sargentii should be sorted in air separators, and the seeds of V. lantana and V. opulus should be processed with the use of mesh screens with round apertures to obtain uniform size fractions. The seeds of V. rhytodophyllum cannot be effectively sorted into batches with uniform seed mass, but they can be separated into groups with similar dimensions.

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Physical properties of kumquat fruit

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/v10247-012-0074-y ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 107-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Jaliliantabar ◽

A.N. Lorestani ◽

R. Gholami

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Elasticity Modulus ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Rupture Force ◽

Projected Area ◽

Initial Rupture ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Mass Volume

Abstract Some physical properties of kumquat were investigated. Physical properties which were measured included fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packaging coefficient were calculated. Mechanical properties such as the elasticity modulus, rupture force and energy required for initial rupture have been determined. The experiments were carried out at moisture content of 82.6% (w.b.). The results show that the kumquat fruit is one of the smallest fruit in the citrus family.

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Moisture Dependent Selected Engineering Properties of Deenanath Seeds in Relation to Development of Processing Machinery

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.52151/jae2021581.1749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (03) ◽

pp. 250-261

Author(s):

Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽

Sheshrao Kautkar ◽

P. K. Pathak ◽

Bholuram Gurjar ◽

Sunil Swami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

True Density ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width

Propagation of grasses through seeds is important in view of vigour and germination. Various grasses as Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Cenchrus ciliaris L., Chrysopogan fulvus have lower vigour and germination, due to which they need specific operations as defluffing, separation of true seeds, cleaning and grading by specific machines. In designing a machine for a specific use, physical properties and their behaviour with moisture play an important role. A study was conducted to assess the effect of moisture content at five levels [6.88 - 19.23 %, (d.b.)] on selected physical properties of defluffed Deenanath grass seed. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter of defluffed Deenanath seed increased from 2.30 mm to 2.56 mm, 0.71 mm to 0.96 mm, 0.47 mm to 0.63 mm, 1.16 mm to 1.38 mm, and 0.90 mm to 1.15 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content 6.88 % to 19.23 %. Bulk density, true density, and porosity decreased from 652.16 kg.m-3 to 585.78 kg.m-3, 852.63 kg.m-3 to 792.71 kg.m-3, and 25.62 % to 24.97 %, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 6.88 % to 19.23 per cent. The aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, and thousand-seed mass of the seed were in the range of 30.91 - 37.51 %, 0.39 - 0.45, 2.58 - 3.23 mm2 , 3.71 - 4.97 mm3 , and 0.480 - 0.523 g, respectively. Linear relationships with correlation coefficients higher than 0.90 were observed for the physical properties over the experimental range of moisture content.

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Effect of moisture content on physical properties of cashew nut of different varieties

Journal of Plantation Crops ◽

10.19071/jpc.2016.v44.i2.3105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shrikant Baslingappa Swami ◽

N.J. Thakor A.M. Gawai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Surface Area ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

True Density ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Effect Of Moisture

The physical properties, viz., geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, bulk density, true density and angle of repose was measured for four cashew varieties viz., Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4 and Vengurle 7 at different moisture content (15 to 87% db). For Vengurle 1 as the moisture content increased, the physical properties i.e., geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 20.8 to 22.1 mm, 3485 to 4416 mm3, 1355 to 1540 mm2, 984 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32 to 37˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 74.2 to 71.4 per cent and 490 to 418 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 3 geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 27.2 to 28.6 mm, 7912 to 9169 mm3, 2320 to 2567 mm2, 1020 to 1048 kg m-3 and 33 to 35.5˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 75.5 to 75.2 per cent and 531 to 470 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 4 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 21.0 to 24.1mm, 3362 to 5113 mm3, 1391 to 1828 mm2, 970 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32.5 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.8 to 66.8 per cent, 517 to 462 kg m-3, respectively. For Vengurle 7 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 24.2 to 24.9 mm, 5102 to 5547 mm3, 1840 to 1941 mm2, 998 to 1045 kg m-3 and 33 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.4 to 65.8 per cent, 518 to 438 kg m-3, respectively.

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Determination of Some Physical Properties of Dried Jujube Fruit

IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) ◽

10.21013/jas.v8.n2.p1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Mansoureh Pourjafar

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Glass Surface ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Galvanized Steel ◽

Mean Values ◽

Jujube Fruit ◽

Fruit Samples ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width

Some physical properties of Iranian Jujube fruit were evaluated. Jujube fruit samples mean values of length, width, thickness were found as 18.005mm, 14.96 mm, 15.26 mm. Arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter were found as 16.08mm, 16.01 respectively and surface area, Sphericity, porosity, mass, volume, bulk density and true density were also found as: 805.65 mm2 ,89%, 77.2%, 1.45gr, 2.61 cm3 , 0.23gr cm-3, 0.55gr cm-3 respectively. Projected area perpendicular to length, width and thickness were measured as, 152.03 mm2, 220.02 mm2, 271.4mm2 respectively. With comparison between friction coefficients on different surface for Jujube fruit. The results showed that the static coefficient of friction was more than dynamic coefficient of friction.The tests done on the galvanized steel surface, plywood and glass surface. The most coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface and the least coefficient of friction was measured on the glass surface.

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Some physical properties of kariya (Hildegardia barteri) nut/ kernel relevant to the design of its processing equipment

Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances ◽

10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.2.0071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 083-090

Author(s):

Ubong Edet Assian ◽

Akindele Folarin Alonge

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Surface Area ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Volume Density ◽

Unit Mass ◽

Sample Distribution ◽

Processing Equipment ◽

Mean Diameter

Kariya kernel is very rich in essential fats, oils and other valuable nutrients which may find applications in many food formulations. To harness these nutrients, processing equipment and machines are to be used. In order to effectively design these machines, the values of some physical properties of kariya nut and kernel are needed. In this study, some physical properties of the kariya nut and kernel were investigated. Results showed that mean major diameter, intermediate diameter, minor diameter and unit mass obtained at the nut moisture content of 19.83 ± 3.71 (w.b.) were 14.16 ± 0.79 mm, 10.17 ± 0.36 mm, 9.78 ± 0.28 mm and 0.503 ± 0.05g, respectively while the corresponding values obtained at the kernel moisture content of 8.89 ± 2.22% (w.b.) were 9.07 ±0.72 mm, 7.32 ±0.49 mm, 7.08 ± 0.41 mm and 0.328 ± 0.03 g, respectively. The values of calculated geometric mean diameter were 11.20 ±mm and 7.77 ± 0.36 mm, for the kariya nut and kernel, respectively. The skewness value of the sample distribution of 0.08 and -0.24 were recorded for the kariya nut and kernel, respectively. The sphericity, surface area, volume, density, bulk density and porosity were 79.27 ± 3.07%, 394.75 23.13 mm2, 738.37 ± 64.96 mm3 , 681.1 ± 20 kg/m3, 440.24 ± 0.04 kg/m3 and 36.65 ± 0.74% ; and 85.97 ± 5.27%, 189.85 ± 17.34 mm2, 246.71 ± 33.60 mm3, 1342.1 ± 136.23 kg/m3, 773.06 ± 0.06 kg/m3 and 42.28 ± 4.10% for the kariya nut and kernel respectively.

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