Moisture Dependent Selected Engineering Properties of Deenanath Seeds in Relation to Development of Processing Machinery

Propagation of grasses through seeds is important in view of vigour and germination. Various grasses as Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Cenchrus ciliaris L., Chrysopogan fulvus have lower vigour and germination, due to which they need specific operations as defluffing, separation of true seeds, cleaning and grading by specific machines. In designing a machine for a specific use, physical properties and their behaviour with moisture play an important role. A study was conducted to assess the effect of moisture content at five levels [6.88 - 19.23 %, (d.b.)] on selected physical properties of defluffed Deenanath grass seed. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter of defluffed Deenanath seed increased from 2.30 mm to 2.56 mm, 0.71 mm to 0.96 mm, 0.47 mm to 0.63 mm, 1.16 mm to 1.38 mm, and 0.90 mm to 1.15 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content 6.88 % to 19.23 %. Bulk density, true density, and porosity decreased from 652.16 kg.m-3 to 585.78 kg.m-3, 852.63 kg.m-3 to 792.71 kg.m-3, and 25.62 % to 24.97 %, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 6.88 % to 19.23 per cent. The aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, and thousand-seed mass of the seed were in the range of 30.91 - 37.51 %, 0.39 - 0.45, 2.58 - 3.23 mm2 , 3.71 - 4.97 mm3 , and 0.480 - 0.523 g, respectively. Linear relationships with correlation coefficients higher than 0.90 were observed for the physical properties over the experimental range of moisture content.

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Study on some engineering attributes of pine nut (Pinus pinea) to the design of processing equipment

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/49/2009-rae ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 99-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S.M.T. Gharibzahedi ◽

V. Etemad ◽

J. Mirarab-Razi ◽

M. Fos hat

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Static Friction ◽

Terminal Velocity ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Length Width ◽

Glass Surfaces

Moisture-dependent engineering properties of pine nut were studied at 6.3, 8.2, 10.8, 14.5, 18.9, and 20.1% moisture content (dry basis). The length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 21.75 to 21.85 mm, 7.39 to 7.47 mm, 6.07 to 6.14 mm, and 9.89 to 9.98 mm, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%, whereas the increase in sphericity from 45.49% to 45.69% was not significant. Similarly, thousand seed mass, true density, porosity, terminal velocity, and angle of repose increased (P < 0.05) from 0.85 to 0.93 kg, 1043.3 to 1071 kg/m3, 41.31% to 44.57%, 8.67 to 8.83 m/s, and 35.4° to 39°, respectively, with an increase in moisture content under the experimental condition. Moreover, the bulk density decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 612.3 to 593.6 kg/m3. Coefficient of static friction increased (P < 0.05) from 0.251 to 0.292, 0.241 to 0.271, 0.227 to 0.262, and 0.218 to 0.247 on plywood, galvanized iron sheet, stainless steel, and glass surfaces, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%.

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Effect of moisture content on physical properties of cashew nut of different varieties

Journal of Plantation Crops ◽

10.19071/jpc.2016.v44.i2.3105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shrikant Baslingappa Swami ◽

N.J. Thakor A.M. Gawai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Surface Area ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

True Density ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Effect Of Moisture

The physical properties, viz., geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, bulk density, true density and angle of repose was measured for four cashew varieties viz., Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4 and Vengurle 7 at different moisture content (15 to 87% db). For Vengurle 1 as the moisture content increased, the physical properties i.e., geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 20.8 to 22.1 mm, 3485 to 4416 mm3, 1355 to 1540 mm2, 984 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32 to 37˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 74.2 to 71.4 per cent and 490 to 418 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 3 geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 27.2 to 28.6 mm, 7912 to 9169 mm3, 2320 to 2567 mm2, 1020 to 1048 kg m-3 and 33 to 35.5˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 75.5 to 75.2 per cent and 531 to 470 kg m-3 respectively. For Vengurle 4 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 21.0 to 24.1mm, 3362 to 5113 mm3, 1391 to 1828 mm2, 970 to 1030 kg m-3 and 32.5 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.8 to 66.8 per cent, 517 to 462 kg m-3, respectively. For Vengurle 7 the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 24.2 to 24.9 mm, 5102 to 5547 mm3, 1840 to 1941 mm2, 998 to 1045 kg m-3 and 33 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.4 to 65.8 per cent, 518 to 438 kg m-3, respectively.

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Moisture-dependent Physical and Thermal Properties of Sericea Lespedeza Seeds

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 389-397

Author(s):

Ajit K Mahapatra ◽

Daniel E Ekefre ◽

Hema L Degala ◽

Somashekhar M Punnuri ◽

Thomas H Terrill

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Sericea Lespedeza ◽

Mean Diameter

Abstract. The bioactivity of Sericea lespedeza (SL) condensed tannins, including suppression of gastrointestinal nematodes, has contributed to a surge in interest of use of this plant in livestock production systems worldwide. Physical and thermal properties of SL seeds (AU Grazer™ and Serala cultivars) were determined as a function of moisture content for a moisture range from 8.57% to 26.53%, wet basis. The length, width, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, volume, and 1000 seed mass of both the seeds increased as the moisture content increased. Bulk density and unit density decreased as the moisture content increased. The sphericity of SL seeds decreased with increasing moisture content. Serala seeds were characterized by a higher aspect ratio than AU Grazer™. The angle of repose of SL seeds increased, while the compressibility index decreased in the moisture range. For color, the L* values of SL seeds decreased while the a* values increased with the increase in moisture content. A decrease in the b* values was insignificant. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of SL seeds decreased, whereas, thermal diffusivity increased as the moisture content of SL seeds increased. Serala seeds were characterized by higher values of thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat than AU Grazer™. Keywords: Engineering properties, Moisture content, Physical properties, Seeds, Thermal properties.

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Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Grape Seeds

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.2202/1556-3758.1822 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jafar Milani ◽

Ali Moetamedzadegan

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Grape Seeds ◽

Length Width ◽

Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Static Coefficient

This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of grape seed. Seven levels of moisture content varying from 12.26 to 24.61% (w.b.) were considered in this study. Length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and 1000 seed mass increased by 2.58%, 3.63%, 8.36%, 4.78%, 2.14%, and 22.62%, respectively, with the increase of moisture content. Bulk and true density increased from 469.3 to 546.3 kg/m3 and 1058.7 to 1159.3 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity decreased from 55.67 to 52.87%. The angle of repose increased from 21.79 to 29.65° with the increase of moisture content. The hardness decreased from 58.72 to 23.34 N with increase in moisture content. The static coefficient of friction of seeds was determined on concrete, galvanized iron, plywood and glass sheets at various moisture contents. The highest and lowest static coefficients of friction were observed on concrete and glass sheet, respectively.

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Physical properties of cumin and caraway seeds

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2013-0020 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 491-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Zare ◽

A. Bakhshipour ◽

G. Chen

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Equivalent Diameter ◽

True Density ◽

Mean Width ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Constant Moisture Content

Abstract Physical properties of cumin and caraway seeds were measured and compared at constant moisture content of 7.5% w.b. The average thousand mass of grain, mean length, mean width, mean thickness, equivalent diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, volume, sphericity, aspect ratio, true density, bulk density and porosity were measured for cumin and caraway. There are significant differences (p<0.01) in most physical properties of cumin and caraway, except porosity and sphericity

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Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maize

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/v10247-012-0046-2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 331-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. Barnwal ◽

D. Kadam ◽

K. Singh

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

True Density ◽

Kernel Length ◽

Length Width ◽

Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Maize Kernels ◽

Static Coefficient ◽

Kernel Volume

Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maizeThe physical properties of maize kernels have been evaluated as a function of moisture content (12.8-29.0% w.b.). The maize kernel length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity and kernel volume increased linearly with increase in moisture content. The bulk density and true density decreased while porosity and thousand grains mass increased with increasing moisture content. The static coefficient of friction increased for mild steel sheet, galvanized iron sheet and aluminium sheet surfaces while rupture or cutting force and energy absorbed decreased with increasing moisture content.

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Physical and engineering properties of BARI released three groundnut varieties

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v44i4.45696 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 609-620

Author(s):

MA Hoque

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

True Density ◽

Water Displacement ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width ◽

Displacement Angle ◽

Agricultural Machines

The knowledge of the physical characteristics of particles is essential for the designer of agricultural machines. The study was aimed to determine physical and engineering properties of three selected varieties of groundnuts cultivated in Bangladesh such as Dhaka-1, BARI Badam-8 and BARI Badam-9 at safe storage moisture content of 7.5%. One hundred groundnut pods and kernels were randomly selected and the length, width and thickness were measured using a vernier caliper. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio was calculated using standard formula and measured values. Bulk density, true density, mass and porosity were found through direct weighing and water displacement. Angle of repose of pods and kernels was also measured on wood, glass and mild steel sheet surfaces. BARI Badam-9 had the highest pod geometric mean diameter and BARI Badam-8 had the highest kernel geometric mean diameter. Sphericity of groundnut pod was the highest for Dhaka-1. Surface area of pod and aspect ratio of both pod and kernel were the highest in BARI Badam-9. Porosity of the pod was the least for BARI Badam-8. Angle of repose of kernel varied on wood and glass. But it was similar for kernel on MS sheet for the varieties. This result will be useful to design and develop groundnut processing equipment for different varietal variability Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(4): 609-620, December 2019

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Impact of engineering properties of grass seeds in developing post-harvest operations and machineries

Environment Conservation Journal ◽

10.36953/ecj.2021.22345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 395-399

Author(s):

Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽

Sheshrao Kautkar ◽

Amit Patil

Keyword(s):

Geometric Mean ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Arithmetic Mean ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Mean Values ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width ◽

The Mean

Engineering properties of grass seeds are most important for the development of post-harvest mechanization and operations. Therefore engineering properties of fluffy as well as true seeds were determined in view of its important in development of post-harvest mechanization. The mean values of length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, thousands seed mass and bulk density of fluffy Deenanath grass seed were observed in the range of 5.23-7.17 mm, 2.10-3.44 mm, 1.17-2.49 mm, 3.07- 4.13 mm, 2.53- 3.69 mm, 41.01-60.13 %, 19.12-43.70 mm2, 3.70-18.24 mm3, 0.789-0.849 g and 7.41-7.89 kg/m3 respectively. However, for true seeds of Deenanath grass, the range of these values varied from 2.23-2.65 mm, 0.69-0.95 mm, 0.47-0.69 mm, 1.16-1.40 mm, 0.93-1.17 mm, 38.69-47.33 %, 2.67-4.31 mm2, 3.60-9.64 mm3, 0.468-0.488 g and 602.97-624.29 kg/m3 respectively moisture level of 9 % db. Determined properties of fluffy as well as true seeds of Deenanath would be utilized to develop threshing, cleaning, grading, seed storage and packaging operations and machineries.

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Physical properties of kumquat fruit

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/v10247-012-0074-y ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 107-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Jaliliantabar ◽

A.N. Lorestani ◽

R. Gholami

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Elasticity Modulus ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Rupture Force ◽

Projected Area ◽

Initial Rupture ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Mass Volume

Abstract Some physical properties of kumquat were investigated. Physical properties which were measured included fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packaging coefficient were calculated. Mechanical properties such as the elasticity modulus, rupture force and energy required for initial rupture have been determined. The experiments were carried out at moisture content of 82.6% (w.b.). The results show that the kumquat fruit is one of the smallest fruit in the citrus family.

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Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kiwifruit

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.2202/1556-3758.1276 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi ◽

Maryam BahramParvar

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Apparent Volume ◽

Adhesive Force ◽

Arithmetic Mean ◽

True Density ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Length Width ◽

Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Static Coefficient

In this paper, the physical properties such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, mass, true volume, apparent volume, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, surface area, shell ratio, aspect ratio, static coefficient of friction and mechanical characteristics namely firmness, hardness, adhesiveness, adhesive force and total positive area in puncture test were determined for kiwifruit of the Hayward variety. These properties are necessary in the design of the equipment for harvesting, processing and transportation, separating and packing. The results showed that the length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and aspect ratio of kiwifruit varied from 55.5 to 82.3 mm, 46.8 to 54.8 mm, 41.5 to 52.4 mm, 49.8 to 60.99 mm, 49.56 to 59.28 mm, 71.95 to 90.48% and 62.67 to 89.20%, respectively. While the surface area determined by McCabe et al.'s and Jean & Ball's formula, and surface area measured by experimental method changed from 77.11 to 110.34 cm2, 48.74 to 95.95 cm2 and 83.29 to 108.71 cm2, respectively. The values of the fruit's true volume, apparent volume, true density, bulk density and porosity were between 85-120 cm3, 63.69-109.01 cm3, 940-1040 kg/m3, 544.73-572.17 kg/m3 and 39.70-45.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the unit mass and peel ratio of kiwifruits ranged from 75.18 to 135.32 g and 8.91 to 12.51%, respectively. On four different surfaces, namely plywood, galvanized iron sheet, glass and fiberglass, static coefficient of friction varied from 0.34 on glass to 0.49 against plywood. The average firmness, hardness, adhesiveness, adhesive force and total positive area of peeled fruits were 229.42 g, 367.49 g, 716.48 g.s, -34.2 g and 11933.5 g.s, respectively. Corresponding values for unpeeled samples obtained 403.38 g, 2081.2 g, -3175.32 g.s, -118 g and 35757.22 g.s, respectively.

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