Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus

AbstractMuscular anatomy often differs between species and individuals. In particular, the plantaris muscle (PM) demonstrates great morphological variability in its course and its proximal and distal attachments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variation of the PM tendon in human fetuses. Forty-six spontaneously aborted human fetuses (23 male, 23 female) aged 18–38 weeks of gestation were studied. Morphology of the attachment of the PM was assessed in both lower extremities (n = 92). The PM was present in 72 lower limbs (78.26%) and absent in 20 (21.74%). Eight types of PM distal attachment were identified. We propose an eight-fold classification of PM insertion in fetuses. Leg length, length of tendon, extension point (ExP) from the calcaneus, and ExP thickness differed significantly among types of PM insertion.

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A proposal for a new morphological classification of the popliteus muscle tendon with potential clinical and biomechanical significance

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93778-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Łukasz Olewnik ◽

Robert F. LaPrade ◽

Friedrich Paulsen ◽

Bartosz Gonera ◽

Konrad Kurtys ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Variability ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Popliteus Tendon ◽

Type I ◽

Popliteofibular Ligament ◽

Morphological Variations ◽

Type Iv ◽

Orthopedic Surgeons ◽

Popliteus Muscle

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in the proximal attachments and create an accurate classification of the PPM for use in planning surgical procedures in this area, for evaluating radiological imaging and rehabilitation. One hundred and thirty-four lower limbs of body donors (52 woman and 82 man) fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined. The popliteus muscle was present in all 134 limbs. Four main types were identified with subtypes. The most common type was Type I (34.3%), characterized by a single tendon in the popliteus sulcus. Type II (30.6%) characterized by a main tendon in the popliteus sulcus and accessory bands. This type was divided into five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory bands. Type III (15.3%) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteal sulcus. Type IV (19.4%) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteus sulcus and additional bands. This type was also divided into five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory bands. The popliteofibular ligament was present in 90.3% of cases. A new classification based on a proximal attachment is proposed. The popliteus tendon is characterized by a very high morphological variability, which can affect posterolateral knee stability and the natural rotation of the tibia. Such a classification system may be useful for clinicians performing medical procedures within the knee joint, including orthopedic surgeons.

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Morphological variability of the plantaris muscle origin in human fetuses

Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger ◽

10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151794 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 151794

Author(s):

Anna Waśniewska ◽

Łukasz Olewnik ◽

Rui Diogo ◽

Michał Polguj

Keyword(s):

Morphological Variability ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Plantaris Muscle ◽

Muscle Origin

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The Plantaris Muscle Tendon and Its Relationship with the Achilles Tendinopathy

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/9623579 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ł. Olewnik ◽

G. Wysiadecki ◽

M. Podgórski ◽

M. Polguj ◽

M. Topol

Keyword(s):

Achilles Tendon ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Achilles Tendinopathy ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Tibialis Posterior ◽

Plantaris Muscle ◽

Clinical Role ◽

Potential Conflict ◽

Calcaneal Tendon ◽

Plantaris Tendon

Purpose. Although the plantaris muscle (PM) is vestigial in humans, it has a significant clinical role in procedures such as grafting. However, recent reports suggest its potential involvement in the tendinopathy of the midportion of the Achilles tendon. The aim of the study is therefore to evaluate morphological variation of the PM with regard to its potential conflict with the Achilles tendon. Material and Methods. Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 130 lower limbs (71 right, 59 left) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the PM was assessed regarding the relationship between the course of the plantaris tendon and the calcaneal tendon. Results. The PM was present in 89.2% of cases. The findings indicate the presence of a new type of PM tendon insertion in which the tendon is inserted into the tarsal canal flexor retinaculum, potentially affecting the tendinopathy of the tibialis posterior muscle. In 26 cases (22.4%), insertion blended with the Achilles tendon (Type II), which may increase the risk of Achilles tendinopathy. Conclusion. The anatomical variation of PM tendon morphology may create a potential conflict with the Achilles tendon and the tibialis posterior tendon, thus increasing the possibility of tendinopathy.

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Variations in genetic structure and male genitalia suggest recent lineage diversification in the Neotropical dung beetle complex Canthon cyanellus (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/biolinnean/blaa131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 131 (3) ◽

pp. 505-520

Author(s):

Janet Nolasco-Soto ◽

Mario E Favila ◽

Alejandro Espinosa De Los Monteros ◽

Jorge González-Astorga ◽

Gonzalo Halffter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Morphological Variation ◽

Male Genitalia ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Dung Beetle ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Taxonomic Assignment ◽

Morphometric Variation ◽

Evolutionary Forces ◽

Significant Genetic Structure

Abstract We analysed the genetic divergence and morphology of the aedeagus (i.e. phallobase and parameres) in Canthon cyanellus at different geographical levels. The results from both approaches were compared with the current taxonomic assignment of the C. cyanellus complex, which includes three subspecies. We found a high variation in all the morphological characters of the aedeagus in the populations analysed; the morphometric variation was not geographically structured, either by population or by region. The genealogical analysis indicates a significant genetic structure that does not match either the morphological variation in the male genitalia or the previous subspecific taxonomic classification. Our results suggest that the morphological variation of the aedeagus is seemingly not an isolating reproductive barrier and that the intra- and interpopulation morphological variability of the aedeagus in the C. cyanellus complex does not permit the division into several species. We suggest that other evolutionary forces, such as genetic drift and sexual selection, have influenced the evolution of the male genitalia and the incipient differentiation of this species complex.

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Relationships among Morphological Characters, Isozymes Polymorphism and DNA Variability – the Impact on Lactuca Germplasm Taxonomy

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/3721-cjgpb ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 59-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

I. Doležalová ◽

A. Lebeda ◽

M. Dziechciarková ◽

E. Křístková ◽

D. Astley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Aflp Analysis ◽

Dapi Staining ◽

Lactuca Species ◽

Relative Dna Content ◽

The Impact

Fifty one accessions of nineteen Lactuca species, the hybrid L. serriola × L. sativa and the related species Mycelis muralis were evaluated for morphological variability, esterase (EST) polymorphism, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and relative DNA content. Sixteen Lactuca accessions were classified taxonomically on the basis of morphology, isozyme analysis and AFLP. Twenty-eight bands (isoforms) of EST were recorded allowing 82% of accessions to be distinguished. The relative DNA content, measured using flow-cytometry (DAPI staining), ranged from 2.02 pg in L. capensis to 17.96 pg in L. canadensis. The results from AFLP analysis and the relative DNA content measurement corresponded well with recent taxonomic classification of the genus Lactuca.  

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The effect of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis in the treatment of skeleton immature posttraumatic genu angular deformity: a retrospective study of 27 cases

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research ◽

10.1186/s13018-019-1426-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Ding ◽

Ting Zhu ◽

Fang-chun Jin ◽

Zhen-kai Wu ◽

Hai Li

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Maturity ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Angular Deformity ◽

Leg Length ◽

Clinical Evaluations ◽

Angular Correction ◽

Reproducible Method ◽

Future Work ◽

Partial Correction

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect, rate of angular correction, and complications of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (TH) in the treatment of skeleton immature posttraumatic genu angular deformity. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 27 patients undergoing temporary hemiepiphysiodesis for the management of posttraumatic genu angular deformity. Based on the data from these patients, the rate of correction, effect of correction, length of the lower limbs, and complications were used as the outcome measures. Results Outcome measurements were obtained from a chart review of medical records that included information about clinical evaluations. Fifteen boys and 12 girls, with an average age of 6.3 years, were included in the study. The average follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 1.9 to 5.9 years) after surgery. Complete correction was obtained in 24 patients, while partial correction was obtained in 3 patients. The mean rate of angular correction was 8.41°/year in distal femur and 15.19°/year in proximal tibia. One patient had recurrence of genu valgum. No leg length discrepancy was found in our patients. Conclusion Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis is a simple, effective, reliable, and reproducible method for the treatment of posttraumatic genu angular deformity, with fewer complications than osteotomy. Nevertheless, it is important to follow the rebound patient closely until skeletal maturity in our future work.

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Histological Investigation of the Palatine Bone in Prenatal Trisomy 21

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0492_hiotpb_2.0.co_2 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 492-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Halfdan Lauridsen ◽

Birgit Fischer Hansen ◽

Ingermarie Reintoft ◽

Jean W. Keeling ◽

Inger Kjær

Keyword(s):

Trisomy 21 ◽

Type I ◽

Histological Investigation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Type Iv ◽

Different Types ◽

Horizontal Part ◽

Palatine Bone

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the horizontal part of the palatine bone in palates from human fetuses with trisomy 21 to improve the phenotypic classification of the genotypic anomaly. Methods: Material from 23 human trisomy 21 fetuses was included in the study. The crown rump lengths of the fetuses ranged from 80 mm to 190 mm, corresponding to about 12 to 21 weeks of gestational age. The material was examined histologically. Results and Conclusions: Histological examination demonstrated four different palatal phenotypes on the basis of the development of the horizontal part of the palatine bone: type I, palatine bone complete; type II, the mesial region of the horizontal part of the palatine bone is lacking; type III, complete absence of the horizontal part of the palatine bone; and type IV, auxiliary bones in the region of the transpalatine suture. This finding shows that different types of malformations may occur in the horizontal part of the palatine bone in human trisomy 21 fetuses.

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Morphological variability of the nanoplanktonic diatom Thalassiosira laevis from coastal waters of Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina).

Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica ◽

10.31055/1851.2372.v52.n4.18841 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 617-622

Author(s):

Eugenia A. Sar ◽

Inés Sunesen

Keyword(s):

Morphological Variation ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Buenos Aires ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Ultrastructural Analysis ◽

Marine Waters ◽

First Time

Morphological variability of the nanoplanktonic diatom Thalassiosira laevis from coastal waters of Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Despite the fact that the genus Thalassiosira was previous and extensively studied including ultrastructural analysis of species found in phytoplanktonic samples collected from marine waters of Argentina, nanoplanktonic species have been frequently overlooked. This paper is devoted to show the morphological variation of Thalassiosira laevis, a nanoplanktonic species collected from marine coastal waters of the Province of Buenos Aires, to compare Argentinean material with those from China, Korea and Brazil described in the literature, and to record it for the first time from Argentina.

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Leg length inequality and its relationship with injuries incidence of young basketball players: an observational study

Manual Therapy Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal ◽

10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2016.14.419 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 419

Author(s):

Lucas Villalta Santos ◽

Mateus Francisco Rossi ◽

Claudia Santos Oliveita ◽

Hugo Pasin Neto

Keyword(s):

Functional Limitations ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

High Rate ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Leg Length ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Leg Length Inequality ◽

Training Time ◽

Survey Report ◽

Postural Changes

Background: The leg length inequality (LLI) creates postural changes collaborating with the emergence of functional limitations and musculoskeletal disorders. In a sport like basketball inequality of the lower limbs may be added to the demands of the sport and generate an increase in the incidence of injuries. The aim of this study was to identify young basketball players from with structural or functional LLI and its influence in injury incidence in a period of 6 months. Methods: 18 players were followed with an average age of 14.50 ± 1.86 of a basketball team from the city of Sorocaba for a period of 6 months. At the beginning and end of that period were applied tests from the Morbidity Survey Report modified for basketball to obtain data such as physical characteristics, training time, incidence of injuries, quantitative and qualitative measurement of the length of the lower limbs. Results: 72.2% of players had LLI and 50% had some kind of injury during this period, among the most common, sprains and muscle strains. Conclusions: There was a high rate of players with LLI and a positive relationship between this inequality with the incidence of injury.

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