scholarly journals A proposal for a new morphological classification of the popliteus muscle tendon with potential clinical and biomechanical significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Olewnik ◽  
Robert F. LaPrade ◽  
Friedrich Paulsen ◽  
Bartosz Gonera ◽  
Konrad Kurtys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Popliteus Tendon ◽  
Type I ◽  
Popliteofibular Ligament ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeons ◽  
Popliteus Muscle

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in the proximal attachments and create an accurate classification of the PPM for use in planning surgical procedures in this area, for evaluating radiological imaging and rehabilitation. One hundred and thirty-four lower limbs of body donors (52 woman and 82 man) fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined. The popliteus muscle was present in all 134 limbs. Four main types were identified with subtypes. The most common type was Type I (34.3%), characterized by a single tendon in the popliteus sulcus. Type II (30.6%) characterized by a main tendon in the popliteus sulcus and accessory bands. This type was divided into five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory bands. Type III (15.3%) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteal sulcus. Type IV (19.4%) was characterized by two tendons in the popliteus sulcus and additional bands. This type was also divided into five subtypes (A–E) based on presence of specific accessory bands. The popliteofibular ligament was present in 90.3% of cases. A new classification based on a proximal attachment is proposed. The popliteus tendon is characterized by a very high morphological variability, which can affect posterolateral knee stability and the natural rotation of the tibia. Such a classification system may be useful for clinicians performing medical procedures within the knee joint, including orthopedic surgeons.

scholarly journals The Subscapularis Muscle: A Proposed Classification System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nicol Zielinska ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Andrzej Borowski ◽  
Michał Podgórski ◽  
Łukasz Olewnik
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variability ◽  
European Population ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Type V ◽  
Central European Population

Background. On the basis of the available literature, we proposed the hypothesis that the number of muscle bellies is morphologically constant. The main purpose of this study was to examine the morphological variability of the SM and to create a new classification of it based on number of muscle bellies. Methods. Sixty-six adult cadavers of Central European population (45 females, 21 males) were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin before examination. Results. The SM was found in all 66 specimens (45 females, 21 males, 31 left and 35 right sides). After meticulous dissection, we distinguished nine types on the basis of number of bellies. Type I was characterized by single belly and occurred in 1.5%. Type II had a double belly and was present in 3%. Type III, the most common type, occurring in almost 32% of the studied population, had three bellies. The frequency of type IV, characterized by four bellies, was also high, just over 30%. The following types were less frequent: type V with five bellies (18.2%), type VI with six bellies (7.6%), type VII with seven bellies (3%), type VIII with eight bellies (1.5%), and type IX with nine bellies (3%). All of the types had origin on the anterior surface of the scapula. Conclusions. The SM is morphologically variable in the number of its bellies. Evolutionary changes are probably the reason. The most common type was the SM with three bellies, in line with Larson’s model of the division of the SM into three parts. Subsequent studies should be carried out based on MRI or ultrasonography examination to confirm if it is possible to show all types (presented in this study) among group of patients during MRI.

Histological Investigation of the Palatine Bone in Prenatal Trisomy 21

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halfdan Lauridsen ◽  
Birgit Fischer Hansen ◽  
Ingermarie Reintoft ◽  
Jean W. Keeling ◽  
Inger Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Horizontal Part ◽  
Palatine Bone

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the horizontal part of the palatine bone in palates from human fetuses with trisomy 21 to improve the phenotypic classification of the genotypic anomaly. Methods: Material from 23 human trisomy 21 fetuses was included in the study. The crown rump lengths of the fetuses ranged from 80 mm to 190 mm, corresponding to about 12 to 21 weeks of gestational age. The material was examined histologically. Results and Conclusions: Histological examination demonstrated four different palatal phenotypes on the basis of the development of the horizontal part of the palatine bone: type I, palatine bone complete; type II, the mesial region of the horizontal part of the palatine bone is lacking; type III, complete absence of the horizontal part of the palatine bone; and type IV, auxiliary bones in the region of the transpalatine suture. This finding shows that different types of malformations may occur in the horizontal part of the palatine bone in human trisomy 21 fetuses.

Syntheses of Post-Iboga Alkaloids

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 2737-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeonggeun Lim ◽  
Sikwang Seong ◽  
Sunkyu Han
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Synthetic Studies ◽  
Type V

Post-iboga alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are biosynthetically derived from iboga-type alkaloids via rearrangements of the indole and/or isoquinuclidine moieties. Herein, we categorize post-iboga alkaloids into five types based on the biosynthetic mode of transformation of the iboga scaffold. We then describe reported syntheses of post-iboga alkaloids, including our laboratory’s recent contributions, based on our own categorization.1 Introduction1.1 Iboga and Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2 Classification of Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.1 Introduction to Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.2 Introduction to Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.3 Introduction to Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.4 Introduction to Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.5 Introduction to Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids2 Syntheses of Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1 Syntheses of Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.1 Syntheses of Monomeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.2 Syntheses of Dimeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.2 Syntheses of Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.3 Synthetic Studies Toward Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.4 Syntheses of Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.5 Synthesis of Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids3 Conclusion and Outlook

scholarly journals Neurons of human nucleus accumbens

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Sazdanovic ◽  
Predrag Sazdanovic ◽  
Ivana Zivanovic-Macuzic ◽  
Vladimir Jakovljevic ◽  
Dejan Jeremic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens Core ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Lateral Dendrite

Background/Aim. Nucleus accumbens is a part of the ventral striatum also known as a drug active brain region, especially related with drug addiction. The aim of the study was to investigate the Golgi morphology of the nucleus accumbens neurons. Methods. The study was performed on the frontal and sagittal sections of 15 human brains by the Golgi Kopsch method. We classified neurons in the human nucleus accumbens according to their morphology and size into four types: type I - fusiform neurons; type II - fusiform neurons with lateral dendrite, arising from a part of the cell body; type III - pyramidal-like neuron; type IV - multipolar neuron. The medium spiny neurons, which are mostly noted regarding to the drug addictive conditions of the brain, correspond to the type IV - multipolar neurons. Results. Two regions of human nucleus accumbens could be clearly recognized on Nissl and Golgi preparations each containing different predominant neuronal types. Central part of nucleus accumbens, core region, has a low density of impregnated neurons with predominant type III, pyramidal-like neurons, with spines on secondary branches and rare type IV, multipolar neurons. Contrary to the core, peripheral region, shell of nucleus, has a high density of impregnated neurons predominantly contained of type I and type IV - multipolar neurons, which all are rich in spines on secondary and tertiary dendritic branches. Conclusion. Our results indicate great morphological variability of human nucleus accumbens neurons. This requires further investigations and clarifying clinical significance of this important brain region.

scholarly journals A New Classification of Talocalcaneal Coalitions Based On Computed Tomography For Operative Planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhong Wang ◽  
Weili Shi ◽  
Linxin Chen ◽  
Xing Xie ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Talocalcaneal Coalition ◽  
Operative Planning ◽  
Accessory Ossicle

Abstract Background Current classifications emphasize the morphology of the coalition, however, subtalar joint facets involved should also be emphasized.Objective The objective of this study was to develop a new classification system based on the articular facets involved to cover all coalitions and guide operative planning.Methods Patients were diagnosed with talocalcaneal coalition using a CT scan, between January 2009 and February 2021. We classified the coalition into four main types according to the shape and nature of the coalition: I, inferiorly overgrown talus or superiorly overgrown calcaneus; II, both talus and calcaneus overgrew; III, coalition with an accessory ossicle; (I-III types are non-osseous coalition) IV, complete osseous coalition. Then each type was further divided into three subtypes according to the articular facets involved. A, the coalition involving the anterior facets; M, the coalition involving the middle facets, and P, the coalition involving the posterior facets.Results There were 106 patients (108 feet) included in this study. Overall, 8 feet (7.5%) were classified as type I, 75 feet (69.4%) as type II, 7 feet (6.5%) as type III, and 18 feet (16.7%) as type IV. Twenty-nine coalitions (26.9%) involved the posterior facets only (subtype-P), 74 coalitions (68.5%) involved both the middle and posterior facets (subtype-MP), and five coalitions (4.6%) simultaneously involved the anterior, middle, and posterior facets (subtype-AMP). Type II-MP coalition was the most common.Conclusion A new classification system of the talocalcaneal coalition to facilitate operative planning was developed.

scholarly journals The Arterial Supply of the Distal Part of the Pancreas

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
S. Covantev ◽  
N. Mazuruc ◽  
O. Belic
Keyword(s):  
Splenic Artery ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Distal Pancreas ◽  
Corrosion Cast ◽  
Type 3

The pancreatic surgery field has evolved greatly over the previous years. Nevertheless, the vascularization of the pancreas remains a difficult subject and requires further attention. The study was conducted using macroscopical dissection and corrosion cast methods. The total number of organ blocks was 72 (50 for dissection and 22 for corrosion cast). Based on the data obtained by dissection, we can distinguish three major types of vascularization of the distal pancreas. In type one, the pancreas was vascularized only by the short branches of the splenic artery and was encountered in 18 cases (36%). In type two, the pancreas was vascularized by the long and short branches of the splenic artery and was encountered in 20 cases (40%). In type three, the pancreas was vascularized only by the long branches of the splenic artery in 12 cases (24%). Compared to that, the corrosion cast method demonstrated type 1 in 8 cases (36.36%), type 2 in 10 cases (45.46%), and type 3 in 4 cases (18.18%). During the dissection, there were no arteries to the tail of the pancreas in 13 (26%) cases, one artery in 15 (30%) cases, two arteries in 19 (38%), and three arteries in three (6%) cases. The 22 corrosion cast specimens were also evaluated based on the classification of Roman Ramos and coworkers. Type I (small arcades) was in 9 (40.90%) cases, type II (small and large arcades) was in 7 (31.82%) cases, type III (large arcades) was in 5 (22.73%) cases, and type IV (straight branches) was in 1 (4.55%) case. The corrosion cast method allowed us to determine no arteries to the tail in 4 (18.18%) cases, one artery in 6 (27.27%) cases, two arteries in 10 (45.46%) cases and three arteries in two (9.09%) cases. The vascularization of the distal part of the pancreas is highly variable and should be taken into consideration during surgery.

scholarly journals A new ultrasound and clinical classification for management of prostatic abscess

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Dell’Atti
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Prostatic Abscess ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Type V ◽  
Sonographic Pattern

Objectives: In literature, most of the published data regarding prostatic abscess (PA) are case reports, whereas there is no standardization of the diagnostic and therapeutic routines. The purpose of this study is a new classification of ultrasound imaging of PA with clinical features correlation. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analysed the ultrasound database archives and performed a MEDLINE<sup>®</sup> research of the peer reviewed literature on diagnosis and case reports of PA using the terms “prostate and abscess”. Results: PA can be classified into five Types: Type I - PA is present focally in a prostate lobe (≤ 10 mm). Type II - PA is present in a prostate lobe (&gt; 10 mm) and/or partially overcrosses the border of the midline prostatic glandular. Type III - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (≤ 10 mm). Type IV - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (&gt; 10 mm). Type V - PA involving intra or extraprostatic structures (bladder, urethra, seminal vesicles and prostatic capsule). The different ultrasound imaging and diagnostic criteria are listed for each type and subtype. Conclusions: The sonographic pattern of PA is usually characteristic and easily differentiated from other glandular lesions. The purpose of the study was to associate the use of TRUS to a clinical standardized classification in order to facilitate PA diagnosis and localization directing the clinician treatment to the correct management and adequate therapeutic treatment.

scholarly journals A new classification of cardio-oncology syndromes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf A. de Boer ◽  
Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem ◽  
Valentina Bracun ◽  
Douglas Leedy ◽  
Richard Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Abrupt Onset ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cardiovascular Dysfunction ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
High Oxidative Stress ◽  
Type V

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests a multifaceted relationship exists between cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we introduce a 5-tier classification system to categorize cardio-oncology syndromes (COS) that represent the aspects of the relationship between cancer and CVD. COS Type I is characterized by mechanisms whereby the abrupt onset or progression of cancer can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. COS Type II includes the mechanisms by which cancer therapies can result in acute or chronic CVD. COS Type III is characterized by the pro-oncogenic environment created by the release of cardiokines and high oxidative stress in patients with cardiovascular dysfunction. COS Type IV is comprised of CVD therapies and diagnostic procedures which have been associated with promoting or unmasking cancer. COS Type V is characterized by factors causing systemic and genetic predisposition to both CVD and cancer. The development of this framework may allow for an increased facilitation of cancer care while optimizing cardiovascular health through focused treatment targeting the COS type.

scholarly journals Tremor Types in Parkinson Disease: A Descriptive Study Using a New Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Gironell ◽  
Berta Pascual-Sedano ◽  
Ignacio Aracil ◽  
Juan Marín-Lahoz ◽  
Javier Pagonabarraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Action Tremor ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Resting Tremor ◽  
Type Iv

Background. The current classification of tremor types in Parkinson disease (PD) is potentially confusing, particularly for mixed tremor, and there is no label for pure resting tremor. With a view to better defining the clinical phenomenological classification of these tremors, our group relabeled the different types as follows: pure resting tremor (type I); mixed resting and action tremor with similar frequencies (type II) divided, according to action tremor presentation, into II-R when there is a time lag and II-C otherwise; pure action tremor (type III); and mixed resting and action tremor with differing frequencies (type IV). We performed a descriptive study to determine prevalence and clinical correlates for this new tremor classification. Patient/Methods. A total of 315 consecutively recruited patients with PD and tremor were clinically evaluated. X2 tests were used to assess tremor type associations with categorical variables, namely, sex, family history of PD, motor fluctuations, and anticholinergic and beta-blocker use. With tremor type as the independent variable, ANOVA was performed to study the relationship between dependent quantitative variables, namely, age, age at PD diagnosis, disease duration, and UPDRS scores for rigidity. Results. The studied patients had tremor types as follows: type I, 30%; type II, 50% (II-R, 25% and II-C, 25%); type III, 19%; and type IV, 1%. No significant association was found between the studied clinical variables and tremor types. Conclusions. Mixed tremor was the most common tremor type in our series of patients with PD according to our proposed classification, which we hope will enhance understanding of the broad clinical phenomenology of PD.

scholarly journals Types of Haemolytic Streptococci in Relation to Scarlet Fever (Second Report)

1927 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Differential Characters ◽  
Reliable Classification

A series of 222 strains has been analysed serologically and 156 have been found to react with one or other of four sera prepared with haemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin.Among the 156 strains the four chief types were distributed in the following proportions: 10 of Type I, 57 of Type II, 45 of Type III and 44 of Type IV.The remaining 66 strains of the series have not yet been classified; though they certainly include individualistic strains, there may be other types to be defined by further analysis.The four chief types are well defined and can generally be identified by direct agglutination. Cross-agglutination may cause confusion when suspensions are unstable, in which case resort must be made to agglutinin absorption. In addition, certain Type I strains may also agglutinate with Type III serum.Analysis of clinical data in a series of 100 cases shows clearly that a fairly severe form of scarlatina with greater tendency to complications is often caused by infection with Type II scarlatinal streptococcus; Type II has so far been found only in association with scarlet fever.There were nine instances where two or more members of the same family developed scarlatina; in six instances the same type was found in each patient and in three each patient yielded an unclassified strain. In one instance the strains from two members of the same family were different.Haemolytic streptococcus colonies on fresh blood agar present three chief varieties; there are minor differences between these dependent on the amount of moisture in the medium.There is a certain correlation between variety of colony and serological type. Type III colonies retain a soft consistency after two days' incubation, while the other types generally become tough and can be lifted from the medium as a whole.Rough and smooth colonies with differential characters analogous to those occurring in pneumococcus cultures have not been identified. An interesting change in appearance is the production of a clear dome-shaped watery or slightly mucinous colony (3rd variety) in a culture which ordinarily forms either more or less opaque or soft coherent colonies.There is evidence that the proportions of the four main types are likely to vary in different localities and in different outbreaks of scarlet fever in the same locality.The importance of a reliable classification of haemolytic streptococci is discussed.

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