scholarly journals Grouping strategies in numerosity perception between intrinsic and extrinsic grouping cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Pan ◽  
Huanyu Yang ◽  
Mengmeng Li ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Lihua Cui
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Gestalt Theory ◽  
Telephone Number ◽  
Common Region ◽  
Visual Grouping ◽  
Grouping Strategies ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Numerosity Perception ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe number of items in an array can be quickly and accurately estimated by dividing the array into subgroups, in a strategy termed “groupitizing.” For example, when memorizing a telephone number, it is better to do so by divide the number into several segments. Different forms of visual grouping can affect the precision of the enumeration of a large set of items. Previous studies have found that when groupitizing, enumeration precision is improved by grouping arrays using visual proximity and color similarity. Based on Gestalt theory, Palmer (Cognit Psychol 24:436, 1992) divided perceptual grouping into intrinsic (e.g., proximity, similarity) and extrinsic (e.g., connectedness, common region) principles. Studies have investigated groupitizing effects on intrinsic grouping. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has explored groupitizing effects for extrinsic grouping cues. Therefore, this study explored whether extrinsic grouping cues differed from intrinsic grouping cues for groupitizing effects in numerosity perception. The results showed that both extrinsic and intrinsic grouping cues improved enumeration precision. However, extrinsic grouping was more accurate in terms of the sensory precision of the numerosity perception.

scholarly journals Household Production in an Egalitarian Society

Social Forces ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1154
Author(s):  
Yuko Onozaka ◽  
Kamran Hafzi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Economic Rationality ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Neutrality ◽  
Do So

Abstract Norwegian national policies strongly incentivize double-earner households and gender equality, but various gender gaps persist both at work and at home. In these seemingly contradictory situations, what are the mechanisms under which Norwegian households allocate their market and domestic labor? Drawing on both a large set of administrative data and a representative survey, this question is examined from two perspectives. First, we focus on the micro-economic processes and investigate if Norwegian households act according to economic rationality or if they still follow the gender norm “A man should earn more than his wife.” Second, we focus on how Norway’s contextual factors may influence the household experiences when a wife has better market productivity. We find that a wife with better market productivity, who is thereby facing the risk of outearning her husband, works more hours and earns more than her husband, while doing less chores—behavior consistent with economic rationality. Further analyses show that women’s “higher” relative market productivity is mainly a consequence of having low-income husbands, and “higher” and “lower” market productivity women are surprisingly similar in other sociodemographic aspects. Norwegian redistribution policies, through progressive taxation and benefit transfers, seem to mitigate the income differences and promote gender neutrality in a sense that if couples wish to pursue an untraditional division, by preference or by necessity, they seem to be able to do so without being held back by the traditional gender expectations or being very poor.

scholarly journals How visual perceptual grouping influences foot placement

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 150151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fennell ◽  
Charlotte Goodwin ◽  
Jeremy F. Burn ◽  
Ute Leonards
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Visual Grouping ◽  
Visual Distractor ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Regular Path ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Everybody would agree that vision guides locomotion; but how does vision influence choice when there are different solutions for possible foot placement? We addressed this question by investigating the impact of perceptual grouping on foot placement in humans. Participants performed a stepping stone task in which pathways consisted of target stones in a spatially regular path of foot falls and visual distractor stones in their proximity. Target and distractor stones differed in shape and colour so that each subset of stones could be easily grouped perceptually. In half of the trials, one target stone swapped shape and colour with a distractor in its close proximity. We show that in these ‘swapped’ conditions, participants chose the perceptually groupable, instead of the spatially regular, stepping location in over 40% of trials, even if the distance between perceptually groupable steps was substantially larger than normal step width/length. This reveals that the existence of a pathway that could be traversed without spatial disruption to periodic stepping is not sufficient to guarantee participants will select it and suggests competition between different types of visual input when choosing foot placement. We propose that a bias in foot placement choice in favour of visual grouping exists as, in nature, sudden changes in visual characteristics of the ground increase the uncertainty for stability.

scholarly journals Topology-defined units in numerosity perception

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. E5647-E5655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia He ◽  
Ke Zhou ◽  
Tiangang Zhou ◽  
Sheng He ◽  
Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Number Sense ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Visual Property ◽  
Numerosity Judgment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Equality Judgment ◽  
Numerosity Perception

What is a number? The number sense hypothesis suggests that numerosity is “a primary visual property” like color, contrast, or orientation. However, exactly what attribute of a stimulus is the primary visual property and determines numbers in the number sense? To verify the invariant nature of numerosity perception, we manipulated the numbers of items connected/enclosed in arbitrary and irregular forms while controlling for low-level features (e.g., orientation, color, and size). Subjects performed discrimination, estimation, and equality judgment tasks in a wide range of presentation durations and across small and large numbers. Results consistently show that connecting/enclosing items led to robust numerosity underestimation, with the extent of underestimation increasing monotonically with the number of connected/enclosed items. In contrast, grouping based on color similarity had no effect on numerosity judgment. We propose that numbers or the primitive units counted in numerosity perception are influenced by topological invariants, such as connectivity and the inside/outside relationship. Beyond the behavioral measures, neural tuning curves to numerosity in the intraparietal sulcus were obtained using functional MRI adaptation, and the tuning curves showed that numbers represented in the intraparietal sulcus were strongly influenced by topology.

scholarly journals Perceptual Grouping Strategies in Visual Search Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Maria Kon ◽  
Gregory Francis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Grouping Strategies

scholarly journals The effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Verlaers ◽  
J. Wagemans ◽  
K. E. Overvliet
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Numerosity Perception

scholarly journals Can the Use of nonlinear Color Metrics systematically improve Segmentation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Luís Eduardo Ramos de Carvalho ◽  
Sylvio Luiz Mantelli Neto ◽  
Eros Comunello ◽  
Antonio Carlos Sobieranski ◽  
Aldo Von Wangenheim
Keyword(s):  
Mahalanobis Distance ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Distance Metrics ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Systematic Improvement ◽  
L2 Norm ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
Color Similarity

Image segmentation is a procedure where an image is split into its constituent parts, according to some criterion. In the literature, there are different well-known approaches for segmentation, such as clustering, thresholding, graph theory and region growing. Such approaches, additionally, can be combined with color distance metrics, playing an important role for color similarity computation. Aiming to investigate general approaches able to enhance the performance of segmentation methods, this work presents an empirical study of the effect of a nonlinear color metric on segmentation procedures. For this purpose, three algorithms were  chosen: Mumford-Shah, Color Structure Code and Felzenszwalb and Huttenlocher Segmentation. The color similarity metric employed by these algorithms (L2-norm) was replaced by the Polynomial Mahalanobis Distance. This metric is an extension of the statistical Mahalanobis Distance used to measure the distance between coordinates and distribution centers. An evaluation based upon automated comparison of segmentation results against ground truths from the Berkeley Dataset was performed. All three segmentation approaches were compared to their traditional implementations, against each other and also to a large set of other segmentation methods. The statistical analysis performed has indicated a systematic improvement of segmentation results for all three segmentation approaches when the nonlinear metric was employed.

scholarly journals The effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Krista E. Overvliet ◽  
Kim Verlaers ◽  
Ralf T. Krampe ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Rectangular Shape ◽  
Exploration Time ◽  
Triangular Shape ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Distance Constant ◽  
Numerosity Perception ◽  
Numerosity Judgments

In order to investigate the effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception, we asked participants to explore tangible dot patterns and report the number of dots present in the display. We hypothesized that when there are subsets of dots that can be grouped together, exploration time will be shorter as compared to a display where no grouping takes place. The base display consists of dots that are equally spaced on a straight line. We manipulated subset grouping by using both proximity and configurational cues. By placing subsets of dots closer together or placing them in a spatial configuration (e.g., in a triangular shape with three dots, or a rectangular shape with four dots), while keeping the total exploration distance constant, we expected to find shorter exploration times as compared to the base display. The results indeed show that both these cues yield faster exploration. We therefore conclude that both proximity and configurational information can influence haptic grouping for numerosity judgments.

Time Course of Perceptual Grouping by Color

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa F. Schulz ◽  
Thomas Sanocki
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Amodal Completion ◽  
Stereoscopic Depth ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Color Similarity

Does perceptual grouping operate early or late in visual processing? One position is that the elements in perceptual layouts are grouped early in vision, by properties of the retinal image, before perceptual constancies have been determined. A second position is that perceptual grouping operates on a postconstancy representation, one that is available only after stereoscopic depth perception, lightness constancy, and amodal completion have occurred. The present experiments indicate that grouping can operate on both a precon-stancy representation and a postconstancy representation. Perceptual grouping was based on retinal color similarity at short exposure durations and based on surface color similarity at long durations. These results permit an integration of the preconstancy and postconstancy positions with regard to grouping by color.

Common Region and Spatial Performance Using Map-Like Displays

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (17) ◽  
pp. 1593-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Hurts
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Common Region ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Overlapping Clusters ◽  
Spatial Performance ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Common ◽  
Boundary Lines

Three techniques of perceptual grouping were compared in terms of their effect on people's ability to read maps that always remained visible. The techniques differ in the way they create clusters of objects on map-like displays: by using boundary lines to form adjacent “countries” (Common Region), by coloring “city” symbols that belong to the same, contiguous, country in a unique way (Adjacent Color), or by using color to create spatially non-contiguous, overlapping, clusters (Color Only). Subjects were asked to compare the horizontal orientations of two cities at a time, and, in another task, to compare two distances corresponding to three map cities. Results show that orientation statements were verified faster for same-cluster cities than for differentcluster cities, but only in the Common Region condition. Neither distance estimations nor orientation judgments were distorted by any grouping technique, as indicated by an effect on judgment accuracy. The implications of these results for our understanding of map reading ability in relation to techniques for perceptual grouping are discussed.

One Whole or Two? The Flexible Role of the Observer in Perceptual Grouping

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
E D Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Reference Stimulus ◽  
Narrow Gap ◽  
Flexible Grouping ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Global Priority ◽  
Grouping Strategies ◽  
Wide Gap

The flexibility of perceptual grouping was examined from a functional perspective. If particular wholes are good for particular tasks, we can bend the rules of Gestalt organisation in order to see them? Evidence was gained by observing the effects of Gestalt factors on task performance, in the context of subjects' experience and expectation. Ellipsoids were split into two semi-ellipses by a central gap of variable width, which controlled the relative dominance of a one-whole percept (Narrow-Gap) or a two-parts percept (Wide-Gap). In a sequential comparison task, a reference ellipsoid was paired either with another ellipsoid (Whole/Whole), or with a single semi-ellipse (Whole/Part). Subjects responded “different” to a change in the shape of one semi-ellipse. Stimuli appeared for 50 ms and the reference stimulus was masked with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 50 to 250 ms. Subjects were first trained either on Whole/Whole or Whole/Part only; both comparisons types were then mixed randomly. A loss of discriminability was predicted for Whole/Whole with Wide-Gap, and for Whole/Part with Narrow-Gap, but only for untrained and unexpected comparisons. The predicted interaction was significant. The effects were particularly strong with 50 ms SOA, suggesting an early involvement of task-contextual factors in perceptual grouping, and showing no evidence of global priority. Subjects appeared to readily learn flexible grouping strategies, abstracting only the behaviourally relevant relationships, and thus offsetting the effects of stimulus structure on perceptual grouping.

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