scholarly journals Slower adaptation of control strategies in individuals with high impulsive tendencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Grisetto ◽  
Yvonne N. Delevoye-Turrell ◽  
Clémence Roger
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Split Method ◽  
Median Split ◽  
Reactive Processes

AbstractFlexible use of reactive and proactive control according to environmental demands is the key to adaptive behavior. In this study, forty-eight adults performed ten blocks of an AX-CPT task to reveal the strength of proactive control by the calculation of the proactive behavioral index (PBI). They also filled out the UPPS questionnaire to assess their impulsiveness. The median-split method based on the global UPPS score distribution was used to categorize participants as having high (HI) or low (LI) impulsiveness traits. The analyses revealed that the PBI was negatively correlated with the UPPS scores, suggesting that the higher is the impulsiveness, the weaker the dominance of proactive control processes. We showed, at an individual level, that the PBI increased across blocks and suggested that this effect was due to a smaller decrease in reactive control processes. Notably, the PBI increase was slower in the HI group than in the LI group. Moreover, participants who did not adapt to task demands were all characterized as high impulsive. Overall, the current study demonstrates that (1) impulsiveness is associated with less dominant proactive control due to (2) slower adaptation to task demands (3) driven by a stronger reliance on reactive processes. These findings are discussed in regards to pathological populations.

scholarly journals Slower adaptation of control strategies in individuals with high impulsive tendencies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Grisetto ◽  
Yvonne Delevoye-Turrell ◽  
Clémence Roger
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
Split Method ◽  
Median Split ◽  
Behavioral Index ◽  
Environmental Demands ◽  
Reactive Processes

Flexible use of reactive and proactive control mechanisms according to environmental demands is the key to adaptive behaviors. In this study, forty-eight adults performed ten blocks of an AX-CPT task to reveal the strength of proactive control mechanisms by the calculation of the proactive behavioral index (PBI). They also fulfilled the UPPS questionnaire to assess their impulsiveness. The median-split method based upon the UPPS score distribution was used to categorize participants as having high (HI) or low (LI) impulsiveness traits. The analyses revealed that the PBI was smaller in the HI group compared to the LI group. Moreover, the PBI increased over blocks, but more slowly in the HI group than in the LI group. Overall, the current study demonstrates that (1) impulsiveness is associated with less dominant proactive control due to (2) a stronger reliance on reactive processes across blocks despite task demands.

scholarly journals Cognitive flexibility improves memory for delayed intentions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth R. Koslov ◽  
Arjun Mukerji ◽  
Katlyn Rose Hedgpeth ◽  
Jarrod Lewis-Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Attentional Demands ◽  
Dynamic Task

Cognitive control involves the allocation of cognitive resources in order to successfully navigate and interact with the world. Oftentimes, control involves balancing the demands brought on by performing immediately relevant tasks and those required in order to perform future intended actions. For example, directing attention towards navigating through traffic on a highway while also needing to remember to exit the freeway at a particular street. This ability to delay execution of a goal until the appropriate time in the future is referred to as prospective memory (PM). The dual mechanisms of cognitive control (DMC) framework posits that individuals can use two different strategies to remember an intended action: a proactive control strategy involving working memory maintenance of the goal and monitoring of the environment, or a reactive control strategy relying on timely retrieval of goal information from episodic memory. Previous research on prospective memory has demonstrated that performance improves when individuals engage these control strategies in accordance with the demands of the task environment. However, it is unclear how people select a control strategy, particularly in situations with dynamic task demands. We hypothesized that if people flexibly adapt their strategy in response to changes in the environment, this should facilitate prospective memory. Across two experiments, we asked participants to identify the reappearance of a picture target (a prospective memory intention) while at the same time performing an ongoing visual search task. The attentional demands of the ongoing task were manipulated to monotonically increase or decrease on a moment to moment basis. The selection of control strategies was identified using reaction time costs and neural measures of intention maintenance. Results showed that people fluidly modified control strategies, shifting towards proactive control when the attentional demands decreased, and shifting towards reactive control when attentional demands increased. Critically, these adaptive shifts in control strategy were associated with better prospective memory performance. These results demonstrate that fine-grained control of attention and memory resources serves an adaptive role for remembering to carry out future plans.

scholarly journals Sustained and Transient Processes in Event-based Prospective Memory in Adolescence and Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1924-1945
Author(s):  
Lucía Magis-Weinberg ◽  
Ruud Custers ◽  
Iroise Dumontheil
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Strategic Monitoring ◽  
Cue Salience ◽  
Event Based

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the cognitive processes associated with remembering to perform an intended action after a delay. Varying the salience of PM cues while keeping the intended response constant, we investigated the extent to which participants relied on strategic monitoring, through sustained, top–down control, or on spontaneous retrieval via transient bottom–up processes. There is mixed evidence regarding developmental improvements in event-based PM performance after the age of 13 years. We compared PM performance and associated sustained and transient neural correlates in 28 typically developing adolescents (12–17 years old) and 19 adults (23–30 years old). Lower PM cue salience associated with slower ongoing task (OT) RTs, reflected by increased μ ex-Gaussian parameter, and sustained increases in frontoparietal activation during OT blocks, both thought to reflect greater proactive control supporting cue monitoring. Behavioral and neural correlates of PM trials were not specifically modulated by cue salience, revealing little difference in reactive control between conditions. The effect of cue salience was similar across age groups, suggesting that adolescents are able to adapt proactive control engagement to PM task demands. Exploratory analyses showed that younger, but not older, adolescents were less accurate and slower in PM trials relative to OT trials than adults and showed greater transient activation in PM trials in an occipito-temporal cluster. These results provide evidence of both mature and still maturing aspects of cognitive processes associated with implementation of an intention after a delay during early adolescence.

scholarly journals Developing Adaptive Control: Age-related Differences in Task Choices and Awareness of Proactive and Reactive Control Demands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse C Niebaum ◽  
Nicolas Chevalier ◽  
Ryan Mori Guild ◽  
Yuko Munakata
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Age Related

Developmental changes in executive function are often explained in terms of core cognitive processes and associated neural substrates. For example, younger children tend to engage control reactively in the moment as needed, whereas older children increasingly engage control proactively, in anticipation of needing it. Such developments may reflect increasing capacities for active maintenance dependent upon dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, younger children will engage proactive control when reactive control is made more difficult, suggesting that developmental changes may also reflect decisions about whether to engage control, and how. We tested awareness of temporal control demands and associated task choices in 5- and 10-year-olds and adults using a demand selection task. Participants chose between one task that enabled proactive control and another task that enabled reactive control. Adults reported awareness of these different control demands and preferentially played the proactive task option. Ten-year-olds reported awareness of control demands but selected task options at chance. Five-year-olds showed neither awareness nor task preference, but a subsample who exhibited awareness of control demands preferentially played the reactive task option, mirroring their typical control mode. Thus, developmental improvements in executive function may in part reflect better awareness of cognitive demands and adaptive behavior, which may in turn reflect changes in dorsal anterior cingulate in signaling task demands to lateral prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Behavioral Inhibition and Dual Mechanisms of Anxiety Risk: Disentangling Neural Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio A. Valadez ◽  
Sonya V. Troller-Renfree ◽  
George A. Buzzell ◽  
Heather A. Henderson ◽  
Andrea Chronis-Tuscano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Developmental Context

AbstractBackgroundBehavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament style characterized by heightened reactivity and negative affect in response to novel people and situations, and it is a strong predictor of anxiety problems later in life. However, not all BI children develop anxiety problems and mounting evidence suggests that how one manages their cognitive resources (cognitive control) influences anxiety risk. The present study tests whether more (proactive control) or less (reactive control) planful cognitive strategies moderate relations between BI and anxiety.MethodsParticipants included 144 adolescents (55.9% female) whose temperament was assessed during toddlerhood. In adolescence (Mage = 15.4 years), participants completed an AX Continuous Performance Test while EEG was recorded in order to disentangle neural activity related to proactive (cue-locked P3b) and reactive (probe-locked N2) control.ResultsBI was associated with greater total anxiety scores only among adolescents with smaller ΔP3bs and larger ΔN2s – a pattern consistent with decreased reliance on proactive strategies and increased reliance on reactive strategies. Additionally, a larger ΔP3b was associated with greater total anxiety scores.ConclusionsBI relates to risk for anxiety specifically among adolescents who rely less on proactive strategies and more on reactive control strategies. Results further suggest that proactive control differentiates a BI-related etiological pathway to anxiety from a more general pathway to anxiety occurring regardless of BI level. Thus, developmental context (i.e., temperament) moderates the association between anxiety and proactive control. The present study is the first to characterize how proactive and reactive control uniquely relate to pathways toward anxiety risk.

The ANT Executive Control Index: No Evidence for Temporal Decrement

2019 ◽  
pp. 001872081988005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzura Zholdassova ◽  
Almira Kustubayeva ◽  
Gerald Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Advance Theory ◽  
Future Work

Objective: This study tested whether indices of executive control, alertness, and orienting measured with Attention Network Test (ANT) are vulnerable to temporal decrement in performance. Background: Developing the resource theory of sustained attention requires identifying neurocognitive processes vulnerable to decrement. Executive control processes may be prone to impairment in fatigue states. Such processes are also highlighted in alternative theories. Determining the role of executive control in vigilance can both advance theory and contribute to practical countermeasures for decrement in human factors contexts. Method: In Study 1, 80 participants performed the standard ANT for an extended duration of about 55 to 60 min. Study 2 (160 participants) introduced manipulations of trial blocking and stimulus degradation intended to increase resource depletion. Reaction time and accuracy measures were analyzed. Subjective stress and workload were assessed in both studies. Results: In both studies, the ANT induced levels of subjective workload and task disengagement consistent with previous sustained attention studies. No systematic decrement in any performance measure was observed. Conclusion: Executive control assessed by the ANT is not highly vulnerable to temporal decrement, even when task demands are elevated. Future work should differentiate executive control processes; proactive control may be more implicated in sustained attention decrement than in reactive control. Application: Designing systems and interfaces to reduce executive control demands may be generally beneficial but will not directly mitigate temporal performance decrement. Enhancing design guidelines and neuroergonomic methods for monitoring operator attention requires further work to identify key neurocognitive processes for decrement.

scholarly journals Frontal midline theta differentiates separate cognitive control strategies while still generalizing the need for cognitive control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrod Eisma ◽  
Eric Rawls ◽  
Stephanie Long ◽  
Russell Mach ◽  
Connie Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta

AbstractCognitive control processes encompass many distinct components, including response inhibition (stopping a prepotent response), proactive control (using prior information to enact control), reactive control (last-minute changing of a prepotent response), and conflict monitoring (choosing between two competing responses). While frontal midline theta activity is theorized to be a general marker of the need for cognitive control, a stringent test of this hypothesis would require a quantitative, within-subject comparison of the neural activation patterns indexing many different cognitive control strategies, an experiment lacking in the current literature. We recorded EEG from 176 participants as they performed tasks that tested inhibitory control (Go/Nogo Task), proactive and reactive control (AX-Continuous Performance Task), and resolving response conflict (Global/Local Task-modified Flanker Task). As activity in the theta (4–8 Hz) frequency band is thought to be a common signature of cognitive control, we assessed frontal midline theta activation underlying each cognitive control strategy. In all strategies, we found higher frontal midline theta power for trials that required more cognitive control (target conditions) versus control conditions. Additionally, reactive control and inhibitory control had higher theta power than proactive control and response conflict, and proactive control had higher theta power than response conflict. Using decoding analyses, we were able to successfully decode control from target trials using classifiers trained exclusively on each of the other strategies, thus firmly demonstrating that theta representations of cognitive control generalize across multiple cognitive control strategies. Our results confirm that frontal midline theta-band activity is a common mechanism for initiating and executing cognitive control, but theta power also differentiates between cognitive control mechanisms. As theta activation reliably differs depending on the cognitive control strategy employed, future work will need to focus on the differential role of theta in differing cognitive control strategies.

scholarly journals The Interactions Between Cognitive Control, Aging, and Emotion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Truong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Goal Maintenance ◽  
Age Related

The dual mechanisms of control framework proposes that age-related declines in cognitive control are due to deficits with continuous goal maintenance (proactive control). Older adults default instead to another form of control (reactive control). In contrast to these declines, older adults demonstrate preserved emotional processing. According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, perceived time constraints related to advancing age results in emotional regulation goals in which older adults prioritize positive well-being or mood. To achieve this, they devote more cognitive resources and pay greater attention to positive versus negative information (“positivity effects”) than younger adults. Research on the interactions between cognitive control and emotion is increasing but work focused on the interactions in older adults is limited. Thus, it is unknown how older adults' emotional goals may influence their goal maintenance deficits. This study manipulated mood and emotional face stimuli to examine whether these factors affect age differences in cognitive control between younger (ages 18-30) and older adults (ages 65+). Experiment 1 induced neutral or negative moods prior to a cognitive control task (the standard letter AX-CPT task). Results indicated typical patterns of proactive control in younger adults and reactive control in older adults that did not vary substantially by mood. Experiment 2 examined the effects of neutral, negative, and positive mood inductions on a less cognitively demanding version of the AX-CPT (with face cues as contextual information). Results showed evidence of enhanced proactive control in older adults that was comparable to that of younger adults across all mood conditions, although this was limited to response time data. Additionally, there was evidence of small mood effects on cognitive control. Finally, Experiment 3 examined the effect of positive, negative, and neutral contextual information (face cues) on older adults' cognitive control performance using a different variant of the AX-CPT (face AX-CPT). Results indicated strong engagement in reactive control that did not vary by the emotionality of the contextual information. Together, the results of this study suggest that older adults’ proactive control patterns are affected by the task demands of the AX-CPT, but there is less evidence of mood or emotional stimuli effects.

Fake feedback on pain tolerance impacts proactive versus reactive control strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 366-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Rigoni ◽  
Senne Braem ◽  
Gilles Pourtois ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Reactive Control

scholarly journals Pupillometry as an Objective Measure of Sustained Attention in Young and Older Listeners

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 233121651988781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijia Zhao ◽  
Gabriela Bury ◽  
Alice Milne ◽  
Maria Chait
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Crowded Environments ◽  
Trial Participants

The ability to sustain attention on a task-relevant sound source while avoiding distraction from concurrent sounds is fundamental to listening in crowded environments. We aimed to (a) devise an experimental paradigm with which this aspect of listening can be isolated and (b) evaluate the applicability of pupillometry as an objective measure of sustained attention in young and older populations. We designed a paradigm that continuously measured behavioral responses and pupillometry during 25-s trials. Stimuli contained a number of concurrent, spectrally distinct tone streams. On each trial, participants detected gaps in one of the streams while resisting distraction from the others. Behavior demonstrated increasing difficulty with time-on-task and with number/proximity of distractor streams. In young listeners ( N = 20; aged 18 to 35 years), pupil diameter (on the group and individual level) was dynamically modulated by instantaneous task difficulty: Periods where behavioral performance revealed a strain on sustained attention were accompanied by increased pupil diameter. Only trials on which participants performed successfully were included in the pupillometry analysis so that the observed effects reflect task demands as opposed to failure to attend. In line with existing reports, we observed global changes to pupil dynamics in the older group ( N = 19; aged 63 to 79 years) including decreased pupil diameter, limited dilation range, and reduced temporal variability. However, despite these changes, older listeners showed similar effects of attentive tracking to those observed in the young listeners. Overall, our results demonstrate that pupillometry can be a reliable and time-sensitive measure of attentive tracking over long durations in both young and (with caveats) older listeners.

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