scholarly journals Microstructural degradation during the storage of biomass pellets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Cutz ◽  
Urša Tiringer ◽  
Hamid Gilvari ◽  
Dingena Schott ◽  
Arjan Mol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Inclusion Body Formation ◽  
Internal Network ◽  
Biomass Pellet

AbstractThe use of biomass pellets as a source of renewable energy has increased in recent times. However, pellet storage during transportation can compromise their properties, due to fluctuating temperature and humid environments. Here, we show that extended storage of one month at 40 °C and 85% relative humidity causes significant biomass pellet degradation. This was evidenced by higher pellet porosity, weight gain, increased inclusion body formation and creation of an internal network of cracks. We quantify the inclusion and pore growth processes at the surface and within the pellets, which has implications for subsequent thermochemical conversion. The global bioenergy transition may depend upon biomass pellets, and this study shows that storage conditions are critical in the supply chain, so to maintain their quality. Without the development of stronger policies to avoid premature degradation of biomass pellets, they may not realize their full potential as a bioenergy source.

scholarly journals Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 874-881
Author(s):  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Sangga Hadi Pratama ◽  
Ardian Fauzi ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Arief Budiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exergy Loss ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Land Utilization

AbstractAs fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid extraction followed by transesterification. In this study, combination process between hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and esterification is explored. The HTL process is one of the biomass thermochemical conversion methods to produce liquid fuel. In this study, the HTL process will be coupled with esterification, which takes fatty acid from HTL as raw material for producing biodiesel. Both the processes will be studied by simulating with Aspen Plus and thermodynamic analysis in terms of energy and exergy. Based on the simulation process, it was reported that both processes demand similar energy consumption. However, exergy analysis shows that total exergy loss of conventional exergy loss is greater than the HTL-esterification process.

scholarly journals Specificity in intracellular protein aggregation and inclusion body formation

2001 ◽  
Vol 98 (23) ◽  
pp. 13060-13065 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rajan ◽  
M. E. Illing ◽  
N. F. Bence ◽  
R. R. Kopito
Keyword(s):  
Protein Aggregation ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Inclusion Body Formation

Weight in relation to sex, age, and season in Columbian ground squirrels (Sciuridae: Rodentia)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Boag ◽  
J. O. Murie
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Spermophilus Columbianus ◽  
Large Colony ◽  
Potential Weight ◽  
Columbian Ground Squirrels

Annual weight gain in Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) was studied over a period of 7 years in a large colony in southwestern Alberta. Juveniles approximately tripled their weight during the period from emergence to immergence, achieving about 60% of adult weight at onset of their first hibernation. Males were heavier than females and the weight gain in both sexes varied significantly among years. The weight characteristics of the age-classes up to 3 years were different from one another. Full potential weight was not achieved until squirrels were in their fourth summer. Males were always significantly heavier than females in nonjuvenile squirrels and the amount of weight gained by these classes varied significantly among years.

Stability of extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin oral suspension

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 1579-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Naser Zaid ◽  
Rania Shtayah ◽  
Ayman Qadumi ◽  
Mashour Ghanem ◽  
Rawan Qedan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Purpose The stability of an extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin suspension stored over 30 days under various storage conditions was evaluated. Methods Rosuvastatin suspension was extemporaneously prepared using commercial rosuvastatin tablets as the source of active pharmaceutical ingredient. The organoleptic properties, dissolution profile, and stability of the formulation were investigated. For the stability studies, samples of the suspension were stored under 2 storage conditions, room temperature (25 °C and 60% relative humidity) and accelerated stability chambers (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). Viscosity, pH, organoleptic properties, and microbial contamination were evaluated according to the approved specifications. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis and quantification of rosuvastatin in selected samples. Microbiological investigations were also conducted. Results The prepared suspension showed acceptable organoleptic properties. It showed complete release of rosuvastatin within 15 minutes. The pH of the suspension was 9.8, which remained unchanged during the stability studies. The microbiological investigations demonstrated that the preparation was free of any microbial contamination. In addition, the suspension showed stability within at least the period of use of a 100-mL rosuvastatin bottle. Conclusion Extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin 20-mg/mL suspension was stable for 30 days when stored at room temperature.

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