scholarly journals A century of decoupling size and structure of urban spaces in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Anna E. Braswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMost cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time.

That smells blue! Differences between colour associations for odours and odour-evocative words

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 108-109
Author(s):  
Kirsten J. McKenzie ◽  
Andrew T. Woods ◽  
Christine Leong ◽  
Jiana Ren ◽  
Jason Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multisensory Environment ◽  
Tactile Sensations ◽  
Odour Perception ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Over Time

Strong associations exist between specific odours and colours, and these associations have been found to be both consistent within populations and over time (Gilbert et al., 1996). Experimental manipulations of these associations have shown that both taste and odour perception rely heavily upon visual cues (e.g., Blackwell, 1995; Sakai et al., 2005); participants often make errors in odour judgements when stimuli have been artificially coloured (Morrot et al., 2001), and the presence of a strongly-associated colour can greatly enhance the detection of an odour and the intensity of aromas or flavours (Zellner and Kautz, 1990; Zellner and Whitten, 1999), as well as preference and enjoyment (Herz, 2001; Herz and Beland, 2004). Such associations between colour and odour appear to be based on prior experience (Blackwell, 1995; Morrot et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2005; Stevenson and Oaten, 2008), and odours are usually perceived alongside visual, taste and tactile sensations, as well as higher order cues such as shape, size and object labelling. As such, an odour maybe perceived quite differently depending upon its current multisensory context, and experiencing an odour without these additional cues is likely to be different from experiencing the odour in a natural multisensory environment. Here we explore if odour-evocative words, rich in semantic connotations, differ in their colour associations compared to those associated with just odour. Twenty individuals were tested in each of four geographical locations; Germany, Malaysia, The Netherlands and the United States of America. Participants chose the three colours they most closely associated with both odours and odour-words from a chart of 36, using Xperiment software (www.xperiment.mobi). Preliminary results indicate that there were differences between odour-evocative words and odour cues in terms of the associated colours, for all populations.

Social and cultural policies to confront the Takfiri speech in Iraq after the year 2003

2020 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ghaleb Mohi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
American Occupation ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The American occupation of Iraq in 2003 represented a detailed event whose repercussions and repercussions affected not only the level of changing the Iraqi political system, but this event had geo-political and strategic long-term dimensions, as the United States of America was able to redraw the paths of the Middle East region again, in line with The strategic dimensions that I planned to achieve.

Ensuring High-Quality Implementation and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Coalitions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan ◽  
J. David Hawkins ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Coalition Functioning

This chapter reviews the importance of delivering community-based systems and EBIs with fidelity (i.e., in accordance with their implementation requirements) and sustaining these interventions over time. The chapter describes the training and technical support provided in CTC to ensure that coalitions take necessary actions to maintain their functioning in the long term and deliver EBIs in adherence to their core components and to their intended recipients. It is especially important that coalitions collect data on coalition functioning and EBI delivery and use these data when problems are identified. Examples of how CTC coalitions in the United States and other countries have engaged in these efforts are highlighted.

Predictors of the degree of drug treatment coverage for injection drug users in 94 metropolitan areas in the United States of America

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R. Friedman ◽  
Barbara Tempalski ◽  
Joanne E. Brady ◽  
Judith J. Friedman ◽  
Hannah L.F. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Treatment Coverage

scholarly journals Rheumatoid Arthritis Disability and Absence Trends in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 1238-1245
Author(s):  
Richard A Brook ◽  
Nathan L Kleinman ◽  
Ian A Beren
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Replacement Factor ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Employers increasingly focus on absence benefits and connections with employee health. United States absence benefits include Sick Leave (SL), Short- and Long-Term Disability (STD and LTD, respectively) for non-work-related injuries/illnesses, and Workers’ Compensation (WC) for work-related injuries/illnesses. This research explores all-cause absence (SL, STD, LTD, and WC) utilization and changes from baseline for eligible employees with rheumatoid arthritis to determine if the use a constant payment factor is appropriate for models. Study Design: Retrospective multi-year database analysis. Methods: The Workpartners database (1/1/2001-12/31/2019) was used to identify employees with rheumatoid arthritis with adjudicated medical claims. Annual prevalence, benefit utilization, mean days of leave, and median payments (as % of salary) were analyzed. Annual outcomes were calculated as a percent of baseline (2001). Results: Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence averaged 0.5% between 2001 and 2019. At baseline, the percent of eligible employees using STD = 15.5%, LTD = 0.7%, WC = 1.7%, SL = 61.7%. Mean absence days were 48.5, 367.5, 43.8 for STD, LTD, WC, respectively and median payments were 70.5%, 22.2%, 65.7% of salary for STD, LTD, WC, respectively. From 2002-2019: 11.7%-16.9% of eligible employees filed STD claims for 82.1%-995.9% of baseline days and 80.4%-125.9% median payments; 0.6%-2.9% of eligible employees filed LTD claims for 66.6%-114.7% of baseline days and 63.2%-254.8% median payments; 0.3%-1.6% of eligible employees filed WC claims for 44.0%-472.8% of baseline days and 70.4%-271.5% median payments. Median payments were highest in 2012, 2019, 2003 for STD, LTD, WC, respectively and the most absence days were used in 2017 for SL and LTD, 2008 for STD, and 2005 WC. Conclusion: Employees with rheumatoid arthritis used absence benefits at differing rates over time with varying leave-lengths and payments. Using a constant cost or salary replacement factor for absence costs over time and across benefits is not accurate.

scholarly journals The Controversial COVID-19 Pandemic: Across Europe and the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dennis Adjepong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Over Time

The non-pharmaceutical methods of prevention reduced transmissibility by a maximum of 34% without resorting to a strict lockdown strategy. Infection control practices have improved over time due to these measures.

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