Employment and Labor Union Laws in Japan between the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions: A Comparative Study

This research is based on the descriptive and analytical methodology. The importance of studying labor laws and labor unions in Japan between 1889 and 1946 constitutions is because Japan was out of a feudal phase, and had no idea about the factory system and industrialization in their modern sense before the Meiji era. Generally, its labor system used to be mostly familial, and the economic system was based on agriculture. This called for the enactment of legislations and laws appropriate for the coming phase in Meiji era. Thus, this paper examines the role of Meiji government in enacting labor legislations and laws when he came to power in 1896, and his new constitution in 1889 and the civil code of 1896. It further examines the way Meiji government and the following Japanese governments until the end of World War II did not abide by Meiji laws and stipulations of the constitution with their abusive actions in ending the workers’ strikes and disputes, with the inequality between genders in labor and wages, and the use of child labor in factories in an inhuman way. The paper clarifies the role of the American occupation of Japan (1945-1952) after dissolving Meiji constitution and legislations and the government measures that followed them to enact new legislations, laws and constitution for Japan on November 3, 1946, which was active in May 3, 1947. The paper has concluded that the American occupation policy of Japan was able to avoid the dissidence of millions of Japanese workers, whose level of livelihood was deteriorating after their country lost the war, and convert them from a dissident group against the occupation to a peaceful group which did not target the occupation in their future goals.

US Hegemony in Korean Studies and the Soviet Role in Early Postwar Korea

This paper examines some of the ways the US-centric framework of Anglophone Korean studies has distorted scholarship on post-colonial Korean history. First, an over-emphasis on the American role in the division of Korea has exaggerated the possibility that the US and USSR could have compromised to create a unified government for the peninsula. The Soviet documentary record reveals that Moscow was determined to obstruct such an outcome if it endangered Soviet security. Second, by focusing on the serious damage the American occupation inflicted on the South, scholars have understated the control Soviet occupation authorities exercised in the North.

The impact of the Kurdish issue in Iraqi-Turkish relations after 2003

The Kurdish issue is one of the sensitive issues in Iraqi-Turkish relations since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until the present day. At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, the emergence of a Kurdish entity began on the borders of Turkey, in return, the Kurds of Iraq established autonomy independent of the central government and established political institutions Independent that reflected the circumstances that arose after the Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait in 1991. These circumstances created a worrying situation for the Iraqi and Turkish governments, and Turkey had to take into account its interests in order to preserve its national security. As for the new reality after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, It has produced a more dangerous reality, represented by the increase of Kurdish demands, leading to the establishment of a state independent of Iraq, and this represents a threat to the national unity of the two countries, which is rejected by other neighboring countries such as Iran and Syria, which include the presence of Kurdish minorities in it and accordingly there are commonalities between the two countries and this is what the details of the research answer and the importance of the research lies In knowing the hinge in Iraqi-Turkish relations, the Kurds desire independence from both countries and the establishment of a new state in Sham The Iraq and southeastern Turkey. Keywords: Autonomy, the central government, the Kurds, the region, the secession

Interpretation of the history of post-war France in Pascal Quignard’s “The American Occupation”

The article deals with the specifics of the interpretation of the history of post-war France, made by a contemporary French writer Pascal Quignard in the novel "The American Occupation" (1994). The writer represents in detail the chosen historical period, emphasizing its socio-political and cultural peculiarities. In addition, the author pays attention to the phenomenon of modification of the national identity of the protagonists influenced by American mass culture. The depiction of a specific historical epoch in this work becomes part of Pascal Quignard's reflection on the meaning of history in its entirety.

The Castle of Lead

This chapter mentions Field Marshal Alexander, Supreme Allied commander of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, who was sent by Winston Churchill to find out Marshal Tito's intentions in Italy. It details how Tito showed Alexander the dispositions on the stationary Stem Front while concealing his far-reaching initiative on both sides of the Adriatic. It also explains Alexander's requirement for a land corridor for advancing from Trieste to Vienna, suggesting Anglo-American occupation of all the areas west of the Italian–Yugoslav prewar border. The chapter analyzes Tito's offer that Churchill's army may use the Ljubljana Gate passing across Yugoslav territory, but in return he wanted his own occupation zone in Austria. It describes Tito as someone who was hard to out-bluff as he was never impressed with force unless an imminent threat was involved.

Evolution of Creation from Mythology to Reality: A Multidisciplinary Study into the Roots of Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ahmed Sa’adawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad

Shelley’s Frankenstein has been considered a literary masterpiece since its publication. Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad is similarly a work of great significance that won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction in 2014. Since its release, the name ‘Frankenstein’ attached to Baghdad, as a novel title in the mid of the American occupation of Iraq (2005) and its connection to a universal Frankenstein, has been inspiring to the Iraqis and world fiction lovers. What remains essential about this fascination among the readers is in the questions of how and what is the connection between both works. Therefore, this paper attempts to discover the roots of the concept of creation behind Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818 and Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad in 2013 from mythology, theology, science, and political reality of Iraq. Besides, the linear evolution in the concept of creation throughout the mentioned areas will be displayed to unfold the origins that lie behind these colossal novels. Understanding that lineage development in the concept and the disputes around it is of great significance to the reader which can empower them to contextualize the novels since apprehending new context is a vital factor for appropriation and intertexuality. As long as there are creators and creatures as the two sides of the same process of creation, therefore, the mentioned concepts will always be discussed throughout this work; including the punishment that both protagonists suffer from as one common consequence.