scholarly journals Reductions in the deposition of sulfur and selenium to agricultural soils pose risk of future nutrient deficiencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryeh Feinberg ◽  
Andrea Stenke ◽  
Thomas Peter ◽  
Eve-Lyn S. Hinckley ◽  
Charles T. Driscoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Aerosol Chemistry ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition

AbstractAtmospheric deposition is a major source of the nutrients sulfur and selenium to agricultural soils. Air pollution control and cleaner energy production have reduced anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and selenium, which has led to lower atmospheric deposition fluxes of these elements. Here, we use a global aerosol-chemistry-climate model to map recent (2005–2009) sulfur and selenium deposition, and project future (2095–2099) changes under two socioeconomic scenarios. Across the Northern Hemisphere, we find substantially decreased deposition to agricultural soils, by 70 to 90% for sulfur and by 55 to 80% for selenium. Recent trends in sulfur and selenium concentrations in USA streams suggest that catchment mass balances of these elements are already changing due to the declining atmospheric supply. Sustainable fertilizer management strategies will need to be developed to offset the decrease in atmospheric nutrient supply and ensure future food security and nutrition, while avoiding consequences for downstream aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Improved tropospheric and stratospheric sulfur cycle in the aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3863-3887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryeh Feinberg ◽  
Timofei Sukhodolov ◽  
Bei-Ping Luo ◽  
Eugene Rozanov ◽  
Lenny H. E. Winkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Sulfate Aerosol ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Sulfur Deposition ◽  
Aerosol Chemistry ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Model

Abstract. SOCOL-AERv1 was developed as an aerosol–chemistry–climate model to study the stratospheric sulfur cycle and its influence on climate and the ozone layer. It includes a sectional aerosol model that tracks the sulfate particle size distribution in 40 size bins, between 0.39 nm and 3.2 µm. Sheng et al. (2015) showed that SOCOL-AERv1 successfully matched observable quantities related to stratospheric aerosol. In the meantime, SOCOL-AER has undergone significant improvements and more observational datasets have become available. In producing SOCOL-AERv2 we have implemented several updates to the model: adding interactive deposition schemes, improving the sulfate mass and particle number conservation, and expanding the tropospheric chemistry scheme. We compare the two versions of the model with background stratospheric sulfate aerosol observations, stratospheric aerosol evolution after Pinatubo, and ground-based sulfur deposition networks. SOCOL-AERv2 shows similar levels of agreement as SOCOL-AERv1 with satellite-measured extinctions and in situ optical particle counter (OPC) balloon flights. The volcanically quiescent total stratospheric aerosol burden simulated in SOCOL-AERv2 has increased from 109 Gg of sulfur (S) to 160 Gg S, matching the newly available satellite estimate of 165 Gg S. However, SOCOL-AERv2 simulates too high cross-tropopause transport of tropospheric SO2 and/or sulfate aerosol, leading to an overestimation of lower stratospheric aerosol. Due to the current lack of upper tropospheric SO2 measurements and the neglect of organic aerosol in the model, the lower stratospheric bias of SOCOL-AERv2 was not further improved. Model performance under volcanically perturbed conditions has also undergone some changes, resulting in a slightly shorter volcanic aerosol lifetime after the Pinatubo eruption. With the improved deposition schemes of SOCOL-AERv2, simulated sulfur wet deposition fluxes are within a factor of 2 of measured deposition fluxes at 78 % of the measurement stations globally, an agreement which is on par with previous model intercomparison studies. Because of these improvements, SOCOL-AERv2 will be better suited to studying changes in atmospheric sulfur deposition due to variations in climate and emissions.

scholarly journals Deficiency of phyto-available sulphur, zinc, boron, iron, copper and manganese in soils of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar Shukla ◽  
Sanjib Kumar Behera ◽  
Chandra Prakash ◽  
Ajay Tripathi ◽  
Ashok Kumar Patra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Nutrient Use

AbstractNutrient deficiencies in soil–crop contexts and inappropriate managements are the important reasons for low crop productivity, reduced nutritional quality of agricultural produce and animal/human malnutrition, across the world. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate nutrient deficiencies of sulphur (S) and micronutrients [zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn)] in agricultural soils of India for devising effective management strategies to achieve sustainable crop production, improved nutritional quality in crops and better animal/human health. A total of 2,42,827 surface (0–15 cm depth) soil samples were collected from agriculture fields of 615 districts lying in 28 states of India and were analysed for available S and micronutrients concentration. The study was carried out under the aegis of All India Coordinated Research Project on Micro- and Secondary-Nutrients and Pollutant Elements in Soils and Plants. The mean concentrations were 27.0 ± 29.9 mg kg−1 for available S, 1.40 ± 1.60 mg kg−1 for available Zn and 1.40 ± 4.70 mg kg−1 for available B, 31.0 ± 52.2 mg kg−1 for available Fe, 2.30 ± 3.50 mg kg−1 for available Cu and 17.5 ± 21.4 mg kg−1 for available Mn. There were variable and widespread deficiencies of S and micronutrients in different states. The deficiencies (acute deficient + deficient + latent deficiency) of S (58.6% of soils), Zn (51.2% of soils) and B (44.7% of soils) were higher compared to the deficiencies of Fe (19.2% of soils), Cu (11.4% of soils) and Mn (17.4% of soils). Out of 615 districts, > 50% of soils in 101, 131 and 86 districts were deficient in available S, available Zn and available B, respectively. Whereas, > 25% of soils in 83, 5 and 41 districts had deficiencies of available Fe, available Cu and available Mn, respectively. There were occurrences of 2-nutrients deficiencies such S + Zn (9.30% of soils), Zn + B (8.70% of soils), S + B (7.00% of soils) and Zn + Fe (5.80% of soils) to a greater extent compared to the deficiencies of Zn + Mn (3.40% of soils), S + Fe (3.30% of soils), Zn + Cu (2.80% of soils) and Fe + B (2.70% of soils). Relatively lower % of soils were deficient in 3-nutrients (namely S + Zn + B, S + Zn + B and Zn + Fe + B), 4-nutrients (namely Zn + Fe + Cu + Mn) and 5-nutrients (namely Zn + Fe + Cu + Mn + B) simultaneously. The information regarding the distribution of deficiencies of S and micronutrients (both single and multi-nutrients) could be used by various stakeholders for production, supply and application of right kind of fertilizers in different districts, states and agro-ecological regions of India for better crop production, crop nutritional quality, nutrient use efficiency, soil health and for tackling human and animal malnutrition.

scholarly journals Mapping the drivers of uncertainty in atmospheric selenium deposition with global sensitivity analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryeh Feinberg ◽  
Moustapha Maliki ◽  
Andrea Stenke ◽  
Bruno Sudret ◽  
Thomas Peter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Global Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Global Sensitivity ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol ◽  
Input Parameters

Abstract. An estimated 0.5–1 billion people globally have inadequate intakes of selenium (Se), due to a lack of bioavailable Se in agricultural soils. Deposition from the atmosphere, especially through precipitation, is an important source of Se to soils. However, very little is known about the atmospheric cycling of Se. It has therefore been difficult to predict how far Se travels in the atmosphere and where it deposits. To answer these questions, we have built the first global atmospheric Se model by implementing Se chemistry into an aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOCOL-AER. In the model, we include information from the literature about the emissions, speciation, and chemical transformation of atmospheric Se. Natural processes and anthropogenic activities emit volatile Se compounds, which oxidize quickly and partition to the particulate phase. Our model tracks the transport and deposition of Se in 7 gas-phase species and 41 aerosol tracers. However, there are large uncertainties associated with many of the model's input parameters. In order to identify which model uncertainties are the most important for understanding the atmospheric Se cycle, we conducted a global sensitivity analysis with 34 input parameters related to Se chemistry, Se emissions, and the interaction of Se with aerosols. In the first bottom-up estimate of its kind, we have calculated a median global atmospheric lifetime of 4.4 d (days), ranging from 2.9–6.4 d (2nd–98th percentile) given the uncertainties of the input parameters. The uncertainty in the Se lifetime is mainly driven by the uncertainty in the carbonyl selenide (OCSe) oxidation rate and the lack of tropospheric aerosol species other than sulfate aerosols in SOCOL-AER. In contrast to uncertainties in Se lifetime, the uncertainty in deposition flux maps are governed by Se emission factors, with all four Se sources (volcanic, marine biosphere, terrestrial biosphere, and anthropogenic emissions) contributing equally to the uncertainty in deposition over agricultural areas. We evaluated the simulated Se wet deposition fluxes from SOCOL-AER with a compiled database of rainwater Se measurements, since wet deposition contributes around 80 % of total Se deposition. Despite difficulties in comparing a global, coarse resolution model with local measurements from a range of time periods, past Se wet deposition measurements are within the range of the model's 2nd–98th percentile at 79 % of background sites. This agreement validates the application of the SOCOL-AER model to identifying regions which are at risk of low atmospheric Se inputs. In order to constrain the uncertainty in Se deposition fluxes over agricultural soils we should prioritize field campaigns measuring Se emissions, rather than laboratory measurements of Se rate constants.

scholarly journals Improved tropospheric and stratospheric sulfur cycle in the aerosol-chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AERv2

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryeh Feinberg ◽  
Timofei Sukhodolov ◽  
Bei-Ping Luo ◽  
Eugene Rozanov ◽  
Lenny H. E. Winkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Sulfate Aerosol ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Sulfur Deposition ◽  
Aerosol Chemistry ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Model

Abstract. SOCOL-AERv1 was developed as an aerosol-chemistry-climate model to study the stratospheric sulfur cycle and its influence on climate and the ozone layer. It includes a sectional aerosol model that tracks the sulfate particle size distribution in 40 size bins, between 0.39 nm to 3.2 µm. Sheng et al. (2015) showed that SOCOL-AERv1 successfully matched observable quantities related to stratospheric aerosol, including a simulated stratospheric aerosol burden of 109 Gg of sulfur (S), very close to the satellite-derived estimate available in 2015, 112 Gg S. In the meantime, both the satellite retrieval and SOCOL-AER have undergone significant improvements. In producing SOCOL-AERv2 we have implemented several updates to the model: adding interactive deposition schemes, improving the sulfate mass and particle number conservation, and expanding the tropospheric chemistry scheme. We compare the two versions of the model with background stratospheric sulfate aerosol observations, stratospheric aerosol evolution after Pinatubo, and ground-based sulfur deposition networks. SOCOL-AERv2 shows similar levels of agreement as SOCOL-AERv1 with satellite-measured extinctions and in situ optical particle counter (OPC) balloon flights. Also, the volcanically quiescent total stratospheric aerosol burden simulated in SOCOL-AERv2, 160 Gg S, agrees very well with the new satellite estimate of 165 Gg S. However, SOCOL-AERv2 simulates too high cross-tropopause transport of tropospheric SO2 and/or sulfate aerosol, leading to an overestimation of lower stratospheric aerosol. Due to the current lack of upper tropospheric SO2 measurements and the neglect of organic aerosol in the model, the lower stratospheric bias of SOCOL-AERv2 was not further improved. Model performance under volcanically perturbed conditions has also undergone some changes, resulting in a slightly lower shorter volcanic aerosol lifetime after the Pinatubo eruption. With the improved deposition schemes of SOCOL-AERv2, simulated sulfur wet deposition fluxes are within a factor of 2 of measured deposition fluxes at 78 % of the measurement stations globally, an agreement which is on par with previous model intercomparison studies. Because of these improvements, SOCOL-AERv2 will be better suited to studying changes to atmospheric sulfur deposition due to variations in climate and emissions.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CANCEREOGENIC ELEMENTS IN TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION IN BOR, SERBIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Viša Tasić ◽  
Aleksandar Simonovski ◽  
Tatjana Apostolovski-Trijić ◽  
Tamara Urošević ◽  
Aleksandra Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Cd 34 ◽  
Sampling Points

In this paper the analysis of atmospheric deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, Ni, and As in the Bor town (Serbia) is presented for the period 2011-2020. The results of measurements from the period of operation of the old smelter (2011-2015) were compared with the results of measurements during the period of operation of the new smelter (2016-2020). As a result of changes in the copper smelting technology and the better treatment of waste gases in the smelter, the average level of the total atmospheric depositon (TAD) was reduced by 63% in the period 2016-2020. The reduction of atmospheric deposition fluxes of Pb (59%), Cd (34%), and As (65%) are detected at all sampling points in the period 2016-2020. In contrast, the fluxes of Ni were increased (211%). Also, pH values of TAD have been changed at all sampling points from acidic (5.7 pH), during the period of operation of the old smelter, to alkaline (7.7 pH) in the period of operation of the new smelter.The presence of a very strong (r>0.8) and strong (0.8>r>0.6) Pearson correlation between the atmospheric deposition fluxes of cancerogenic elements were determined at all sampling points during the period 2016-2020, as opposed to the period 2011-2015 where these correlations were weak (r<0.4).

Chlorpyrifos in the Air and Surface Water of Chesapeake Bay:  Predictions of Atmospheric Deposition Fluxes

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1390-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. McConnell ◽  
Eric Nelson ◽  
Clifford P. Rice ◽  
Joel E. Baker ◽  
W. Edward Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Deposition Fluxes

scholarly journals Exploring accumulation-mode H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> versus SO<sub>2</sub> stratospheric sulfate geoengineering in a sectional aerosol–chemistry–climate model

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 4877-4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Vattioni ◽  
Debra Weisenstein ◽  
David Keith ◽  
Aryeh Feinberg ◽  
Thomas Peter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Chemistry ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Direct Emission ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate geoengineering (SSG) could contribute to avoiding some of the adverse impacts of climate change. We used the SOCOL-AER global aerosol–chemistry–climate model to investigate 21 different SSG scenarios, each with 1.83 Mt S yr−1 injected either in the form of accumulation-mode H2SO4 droplets (AM H2SO4), gas-phase SO2 or as combinations of both. For most scenarios, the sulfur was continuously emitted at an altitude of 50 hPa (≈20 km) in the tropics and subtropics. We assumed emissions to be zonally and latitudinally symmetric around the Equator. The spread of emissions ranged from 3.75∘ S–3.75∘ N to 30∘ S–30∘ N. In the SO2 emission scenarios, continuous production of tiny nucleation-mode particles results in increased coagulation, which together with gaseous H2SO4 condensation, produces coarse-mode particles. These large particles are less effective for backscattering solar radiation and have a shorter stratospheric residence time than AM H2SO4 particles. On average, the stratospheric aerosol burden and corresponding all-sky shortwave radiative forcing for the AM H2SO4 scenarios are about 37 % larger than for the SO2 scenarios. The simulated stratospheric aerosol burdens show a weak dependence on the latitudinal spread of emissions. Emitting at 30∘ N–30∘ S instead of 10∘ N–10∘ S only decreases stratospheric burdens by about 10 %. This is because a decrease in coagulation and the resulting smaller particle size is roughly balanced by faster removal through stratosphere-to-troposphere transport via tropopause folds. Increasing the injection altitude is also ineffective, although it generates a larger stratospheric burden, because enhanced condensation and/or coagulation leads to larger particles, which are less effective scatterers. In the case of gaseous SO2 emissions, limiting the sulfur injections spatially and temporally in the form of point and pulsed emissions reduces the total global annual nucleation, leading to less coagulation and thus smaller particles with increased stratospheric residence times. Pulse or point emissions of AM H2SO4 have the opposite effect: they decrease the stratospheric aerosol burden by increasing coagulation and only slightly decrease clear-sky radiative forcing. This study shows that direct emission of AM H2SO4 results in higher radiative forcing for the same sulfur equivalent mass injection strength than SO2 emissions, and that the sensitivity to different injection strategies varies for different forms of injected sulfur.

scholarly journals Recent Trends in DC and Hybrid Microgrids: Opportunities from Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages and Bi-Directional Converters

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Saponara ◽  
Roberto Saletti ◽  
Lucian Mihet-Popa
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Battery Energy Storage ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The University

This editorial manuscript reviews the papers accepted for publication in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers from 25 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

Dynamic phosphorus mass balance modeling of large watersheds: long-term implications of management strategies

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Cassell ◽  
R. L. Kort ◽  
D. W. Meals ◽  
S. G. Aschmann ◽  
J. M. Dorioz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Modeling Process

The principles of mass balance, compartment-flux diagramming, and dynamic simulation modeling are integrated to create computer models that estimate phosphorus (P) export from large-scale watersheds over long-term futures. These Watershed Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics (WEND) models are applied to a 275,000 ha dairy-documented watershed and a 77,000 ha poultry-dominated watershed in northeastern USA. Model predictions of present-day P export loads are consistent with monitoring data and estimates made using P export coefficients. For both watersheds P import exceeds P export and P is accumulating in the agricultural soils. Agricultural and urban activities are major contributors to P export from both watersheds. Continued urban growth will increase P export over time unless wastewater management is substantially enhanced and/or rates of urban growth are controlled. Agriculture cannot rely solely on the implementation of increasingly stringent conservation practices to reduce long-term P export but mustconsider options that promote P input/output balance. The WEND modeling process is a powerful tool to integrate the diversity of activities in watersheds into a holistic framework. Model outputs are suited to assist managers to explore long-term effects of overall watershed management strategies on P export in comparison to environmental and economic goals.

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