A facile acidic choline chloride–p-TSA DES-catalysed dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel precursors has recently been a focus of intensive research due to the essential role of biofuels as transport fuels in the future.

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Effect of sodium deficiency of the action potential of the smooth muscle of ureter

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.206.1.205 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 206 (1) ◽

pp. 205-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Makoto Kobayashi ◽

Hiroshi Irisawa

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Action Potential ◽

Action Potentials ◽

Essential Role ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Resting Potential ◽

Sodium Deficiency ◽

Repolarization Phase ◽

Extracellular Sodium

Action potentials of the smooth muscle of cat ureter were studied by using ultramicroelectrodes. Among 193 penetrations, the resting potential averaged 45 mv and the amplitude of action potential 32 mv. In four instances a slight overshoot was recorded. Action potential consisted of a relatively rapid rising phase followed by a slow repolarization phase, and its duration was about 0.3 sec. Effects of sodium deficiency on action potential were studied by using three different sodium substitutes. Both the height and the rising rate of action potential decreased as the concentration of extracellular sodium was reduced, indicating that the action potential of ureter muscle can be explained on the basis of sodium theory. The duration of the action potential was prolonged when sucrose or choline chloride was used as a sodium substitute; on the other hand, it shortened when tris chloride was employed. The essential role of sodium ions in the development of the action potential in ureter muscle is discussed.

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Images of the imager: The essential role of ethics in the future of radiology

Academic Radiology ◽

10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80400-0 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 148-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Richard B. Gunderman

Keyword(s):

Essential Role ◽

The Future

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Decision letter for "Essential role of IκB NS for in vivo CD4 + T cell activation, proliferation and Th1 cell differentiation during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice"

10.1002/eji.201847961/v1/decision1 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cell Differentiation ◽

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

T Cell ◽

T Cell Activation ◽

Essential Role ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Th1 Cell

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Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000303 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 225 (3) ◽

pp. 189-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽

Jan Richter

Keyword(s):

Fear Conditioning ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Research Domain Criteria ◽

Major Focus ◽

The Future ◽

Definition Of ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

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