scholarly journals Investigating the breakdown of the nerve agent simulant methyl paraoxon and chemical warfare agents GB and VX using nitrogen containing bases

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (47) ◽  
pp. 9285-9291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Wilson ◽  
Nicholas J. Cooper ◽  
Michael E. Briggs ◽  
Andrew I. Cooper ◽  
Dave J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A range of nitrogen containing bases was tested for the hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant, methyl paraoxon (MP), and the chemical warfare agents, GB and VX.

Future Considerations for the Medical Management of Nerve-Agent Intoxication

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Aas
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The World ◽  
Warfare Agents

AbstractThe use of chemical warfare agents against civilians and unprotected troops in international conflicts or by terrorists against civilians is considered to be a real threat, particularly following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 against the World Trade Center in New York and against the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Over the past 10 years, terrorists have been planning to use or have used chemical warfare agents on several occasions around the world, and the attacks in 2001 illustrate their willingness to use any means of warfare to cause death and destruction among civilians. In spite of new international treaties with strong verification measures and with an aim to prohibit and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless, some countries and terrorist groups have been able to develop, produce, and use such weapons, particularly nerve agents, in domestic terrorist attacks or during warfare in international conflicts. This article reviews current medical therapy for nerve-agent intoxication and discusses possible future improvement of medical therapies.Present medical counter-measures against nerve agents are not sufficiently effective particularly in protecting the brain. Therefore, new and more effective countermeasures must be developed to enable better medical treatment of civilians and military personnel following exposure to nerve agents. Therefore, it is important with an enhanced effort by all countries, to improve and increase research in medical countermeasures, in the development of protective equipment, and in carrying out regular training of medical and emergency personnel as well as of military nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) units. Only then will nations be able to reduce the risk from and prevent the use of such weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Smart textiles of MOF/g-C3N4nanospheres for the rapid detection/detoxification of chemical warfare agents

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis ◽  
Yuping Hu ◽  
Marc Florent ◽  
Teresa J. Bandosz
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Smart Textiles ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Warfare Agents

Impregnated cotton textiles with a MOF based nanocomposite revealed a supreme multi-functionality to adsorb/degrade/sense vapors of a nerve agent surrogate.

scholarly journals Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 1. Chemical warfare agents before G nerve agent group discovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Marcin Kloske ◽  
Zygfryd Witkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
First World ◽  
Agent Group

The publication contains a synthesis of knowledge about chemical weapon and its use during the First World War and in the period after that war, until the nerve agent discovery. It describes chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that were discovered, produced, and used on the battlefield at that time. They are referred to as the first and second CWAs generation. Keywords: chemical weapon, chemical warfare agents, World War I, interwar period

One-flow upscaling neutralization of an organophosphonate-derived pesticide/nerve agent simulant to value-added chemicals in a novel Teflon microreactor platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brijesh M. Sharma ◽  
Se-Jun Yim ◽  
Arun Nikam ◽  
Gwang-Noh Ahn ◽  
Dong-Pyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Value Added Products

Synthesizing value-added products from chemical warfare agents is a concept well beyond the usual notion of simply neutralizing the agents.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of UiO-66-NH2 and Its Catalytic Performance toward the Hydrolysis of a Nerve Agent Simulant

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenghui Zhang ◽  
Cheng-An Tao ◽  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Zr-containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit a good performance of catalyzing the hydrolysis of chemical warfare agents, which is closely related to the size of MOF particles and its defects, but these two factors are often intertwined. In this article, we synthesized UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. By using a new modulator 4-Fluoro-3-Formyl-Benzoic Acid (FFBA) in different proportions, MOF particles with the same defect degree but different scales and those with similar sizes but different defect degrees can be obtained. The performance of the obtained MOF particles to catalyze the hydrolysis of the nerve agent simulant, dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), was investigated, and the effects of single factors of size or defect were compared for the first time. As the size of the obtained MOF particles increased from 81 nm to 159 nm, the catalytic degradation efficiency toward DMNP gradually decreased, and the half-life increased from 3.9 min to 11.1 min. For MOFs that have similar crystal sizes, the catalytic degradation half-life of MOF3 is only 5 min, which is much smaller than that of MOF5 due to the defects increase from 1.2 to 1.8 per Zr6 cluster.

scholarly journals Synthesis of macroscopic monolithic metal–organic gels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (36) ◽  
pp. 22125-22130
Author(s):  
Chuan Zhou ◽  
Shouxin Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Pan ◽  
Guang Yang ◽  
Lingyun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Hierarchically Porous ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
First Time

For the first time, we report hierarchically porous monolithic UiO-66-X xerogels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents. The half-lives of the vesicant agent sulfur mustard (HD) and of the nerve agent VX are as short as 14.4 min and 1.5 min, respectively.

scholarly journals The Preferable Binding Pose of Canonical Butyrylcholinesterase Substrates Is Unproductive for Echothiophate

Acta Naturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Zlobin ◽  
A. O. Zalevsky ◽  
Yu. A. Mokrushina ◽  
O. V. Kartseva ◽  
A. V. Golovin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Compound ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Kinetic Reaction ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In this paper, we, for the first time, describe the interaction between the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme and echothiophate, a popular model compound and an analogue of the chemical warfare agents VX and VR, at the atomistic level. Competition between the two echothiophate conformations in the active site was found using molecular modeling techniques. The first one is close to the mode of binding of the substrates of choline series (butyrylcholine and butyrylthiocholine) and is inhibitory, since it is unable to react with the enzyme. The second one is characterized by a significantly worse estimated binding affinity and is reactive. Thus, echothiophate combines the features of two types of inhibitors: competitive and suicidal. This observation will help clarify the kinetic reaction scheme in order to accurately assess the kinetic constants, which is especially important when designing new butyrylcholinesterase variants capable of full-cycle hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds.

Reactive Fibrous Materials for Decontamination of Chemical and Biological Threats

2021 ◽  
Vol 893 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Lev Bromberg ◽  
Xiao Su ◽  
Vladimir Martis ◽  
T. Alan Hatton
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Polyamines are water-soluble polyelectrolytes with the amino groups that can be used to attach the polymers onto functional surfaces of fibrous materials. In addition, polyamines can be readily modified by (super) nucleophilic groups such as (alkyl) aminopyridines that enhance the polymer’s ability to promote hydrolysis of organophosphorous chemical warfare agents. Furthermore, attachment of hydantoin moieties augments the number of the imide, amide, or amine groups on the polyamine’s chain, which provides oxidizing properties to the resulting modified polyamine after halogenation. We report on polyamines with side chains modified to contain both (4-aminopyridine, APy) and 5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene) hydantoin (HBH) functionalities with enhanced content of the active bromine. Virucidal activity of the APy-and HBH-modified polyallylamine against human coronavirus (type 229E) was tested both in solution and on nylon-cotton fabric. The polymers appeared to be effective in inactivation of the coronavirus, at both low concentrations and short exposure times.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333
Author(s):  
Gagan R
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
The Body ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Pralidoxime Chloride ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme ◽  
Neurological System

Abstract: The recent poisoning of Russian opposition figure and critic Alexei Navalny on August 20th , 2020 with a Soviet-era Novichok nerve agent reminded the world of the use of chemical agents, especially nerve agents to eliminate individual targets or for mass destruction. Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus compounds. Soman, Sarin, Tabun, Cyclosarin, VX are a few examples of nerve agents. Nerve agents affect a person by disrupting the mechanism by which nerve signals are passed in the body. They inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase enzyme which is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine neurotransmitters leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. Nerve agents have a range of chemical effects on the eye, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, Central nervous system (CNS), Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system and Neurological system. The management of nerve agent poisoning is done by administering Atropine or Pralidoxime chloride or also by administering anticonvulsants like Benzodiazepines or Diazepam. This review presents all such detailed information on this class of chemical Warfare agents. Keywords: Chemical Warfare Weapon, Nerve Agents, Acetylcholinesterase, Toxicity, Instrumentation

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