Tick–human interactions: from allergic klendusity to the α-Gal syndrome

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. The ability of some animal species to acquire resistance to blood-feeding by ticks after a single or repeated infestation is known as acquired tick resistance (ATR). This resistance has been associated to tick-specific IgE response, the generation of skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells, basophil recruitment, histamine release, and epidermal hyperplasia. ATR has also been associated with protection to tick-borne tularemia through allergic klendusity, a disease-escaping ability produced by the development of hypersensitivity to an allergen. In addition to pathogen transmission, tick infestation in humans is associated with the α-Gal syndrome (AGS), a type of allergy characterized by an IgE response against the carbohydrate Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal). This glycan is present in tick salivary proteins and on the surface of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents of Lyme disease and granulocytic anaplasmosis. Most α-Gal-sensitized individuals develop IgE specific against this glycan, but only a small fraction develop the AGS. This review summarizes our current understanding of ATR and its impact on the continuum α-Gal sensitization, allergy, and the AGS. We propose that the α-Gal-specific IgE response in humans is an evolutionary adaptation associated with ATR and allergic klendusity with the trade-off of developing AGS.

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1070 In utero induction of oral tolerarnce in rats: Antigen feeding during pregnancy downregulates specific IgE response in offspring

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/s0091-6749(00)91496-9 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. S364

Author(s):

R FRITSCHE

Keyword(s):

Specific Ige ◽

In Utero ◽

Ige Response

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Enterotoxin-Specific Immunoglobulin E Responses in Humans after Infection or Vaccination with Diarrhea-Causing Enteropathogens

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.68.10.6077-6081.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (10) ◽

pp. 6077-6081 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Firdausi Qadri ◽

Muhammad Asaduzzaman ◽

Christine Wennerås ◽

Golam Mohi ◽

M. John Albert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Total Ige ◽

B Subunit ◽

The North ◽

Specific Immunoglobulin E ◽

Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽

Ige Response

ABSTRACT Cholera toxin (CT)-specific antibody responses of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) isotype in the sera of adult patients suffering from infection with either Vibrio cholerae O1, V. cholerae O139, or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) were analyzed and compared with those in the sera of volunteers immunized with a bivalent B subunit O1/O139 whole-cell cholera vaccine. A significant IgE response to CT was observed in 90% of the patients with V. cholerae O1 infection (18 of 20; P = <0.001) and 95% of the patients with V. cholerae O139 infection (19 of 20; P = <0.001). Similarly, the majority of the patients with ETEC diarrhea (83%; 13 of 15) showed a positive IgE response to CT. Eight of 10 North American volunteers (80%) orally challenged with V. cholerae O1 showed CT-specific IgE responses (P = 0.004). In contrast, Swedish volunteers immunized with the oral cholera vaccine showed no IgE responses to CT (P value not significant). During the study period, total IgE levels in the sera of the diarrheal patients, the North American volunteers, and the Swedish cholera vaccinees alike remained unchanged. However, the total IgE levels in the sera of patients and healthy Bangladeshi controls were on average 89-fold higher than those in the sera of the healthy Swedish volunteers and 34-fold higher than those in the sera of the North American volunteers.

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Lack of evidence of IgE allergic sensitisation from working with lactic acid bacteria in the dairy foods industry

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000419 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 355-357

Author(s):

Coralie Barrera ◽

Gabriel Reboux ◽

Audrey Laboissière ◽

Laurence Millon ◽

Anne Oppliger

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Medical Practitioner ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Ige Response

This research communication aimed to evaluate the level of immunoglobulin E from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are used in dairy industries. Previous studies have demonstrated that workers report symptoms of irritation and are frequently IgG-sensitised to LAB. Workers (n = 44) from a probiotic production unity and the control lab were seen by a medical practitioner and responded to an occupational questionnaire. Specific IgE by the DELFIA® technique against 6 strains of LAB were measured on 44 exposed workers and 31 controls sera. Levels of specific IgE were low and no difference was observed between the two groups. This lack of IgE response could be explained by a healthy worker effect, an efficient implementation of personal protective equipment or by an absence of allergic mechanisms to account for the self-reported irritative symptoms. Despite the high concentrations of LAB, preventive measures are effective enough to guarantee no allergic effect and to prevent other adverse health effects. The implementation of preventive measures to avoid or reduce exposure to dust of LAB, and more generally to milk powder, is recommended in all dairy industry.

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Induction of antigen-specific IgE response in murine lymphocytes by IL-10

Immunology Letters ◽

10.1016/0165-2478(95)00084-i ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 47 (1-2) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Hitoshi Ohmori ◽

Tsutomu Kanda ◽

Toshiyuki Takai ◽

Masaki Hikida

Keyword(s):

Specific Ige ◽

Ige Response

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Possible Effects of Climate Change on Ixodid Ticks and the Pathogens They Transmit: Predictions and Observations

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjaa220 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nicholas H Ogden ◽

C Ben Beard ◽

Howard S Ginsberg ◽

Jean I Tsao

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Animal Health ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Ixodid Ticks ◽

Extreme Weather Events ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Recent Climate ◽

Tick Survival

Abstract The global climate has been changing over the last century due to greenhouse gas emissions and will continue to change over this century, accelerating without effective global efforts to reduce emissions. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are inherently climate-sensitive due to the sensitivity of tick lifecycles to climate. Key direct climate and weather sensitivities include survival of individual ticks, and the duration of development and host-seeking activity of ticks. These sensitivities mean that in some regions a warming climate may increase tick survival, shorten life-cycles and lengthen the duration of tick activity seasons. Indirect effects of climate change on host communities may, with changes in tick abundance, facilitate enhanced transmission of tick-borne pathogens. High temperatures, and extreme weather events (heat, cold, and flooding) are anticipated with climate change, and these may reduce tick survival and pathogen transmission in some locations. Studies of the possible effects of climate change on TTBDs to date generally project poleward range expansion of geographical ranges (with possible contraction of ranges away from the increasingly hot tropics), upslope elevational range spread in mountainous regions, and increased abundance of ticks in many current endemic regions. However, relatively few studies, using long-term (multi-decade) observations, provide evidence of recent range changes of tick populations that could be attributed to recent climate change. Further integrated ‘One Health’ observational and modeling studies are needed to detect changes in TTBD occurrence, attribute them to climate change, and to develop predictive models of public- and animal-health needs to plan for TTBD emergence.

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Carbon Nanofibers Have IgE Adjuvant Capacity but Are Less Potent Than Nanotubes in Promoting Allergic Airway Responses

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/476010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Unni Cecilie Nygaard ◽

Mari Samuelsen ◽

Calin Daniel Marioara ◽

Martinus Løvik

Keyword(s):

Lung Inflammation ◽

Carbon Nanofiber ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Health Impact ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Positive Control ◽

Bronchoalveolar Fluid ◽

Ige Response ◽

Airway Responses ◽

Airway Model

There is a growing concern for the possible health impact of nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to investigate the allergy-promoting capacity of four different carbon nanofiber (CNF) samples in an injection and an airway mouse model of allergy. Secondly, the potency of the CNF was compared to the previously reported allergy-promoting capacity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the airway model. Ultrafine carbon black particles (ufCBP) were used as a positive control. Particles were given together with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) either by subcutaneous injection into the footpad or intranasally to BALB/cA mice. After allergen booster, OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were measured. In the airway model, inflammation was determined as influx of inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) and by mediators (MCP-1 and TNF-αpresent in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF)). CNF and CNT both increased OVA-specific IgE levels in the two models, but in the airway model, the CNT gave a significantly stronger IgE response than the CNF. Furthermore, the CNT and not the CNF promoted eosinophil lung inflammation. Our data therefore suggest that nanotube-associated properties are particularly potent in promoting allergic responses.

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Rural Residents in China Are at Increased Risk of Exposure to Tick-Borne PathogensAnaplasma phagocytophilumandEhrlichia chaffeensis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/313867 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lijuan Zhang ◽

Hong Liu ◽

Bianli Xu ◽

Zhilun Zhang ◽

Yuming Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Wild Rabbit ◽

Wild Rodents ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽

Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Risk Of Exposure

As emerging tick born rickettsial diseases caused byA. phagocytophilumandE. chaffeensis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis have become a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the world. In particular, in China, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis occurred in Anhui Province in 2006 and more recent coinfection case ofA. phagocytophilumandE. chaffeensiswas documented in Shandong Province. Although the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (former human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, HGE) has been documented in several studies, these data existed on local investigations, and also little data was reported on the seroprevalence of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) in China. In this cross-sectional epidemiological study, indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) proposed by WHO was used to detectA. phagocytophilumandE. chaffeensisIgG antibodies for 7,322 serum samples from agrarian residents from 9 provinces/cities and 819 urban residents from 2 provinces. Our data showed that farmers were at substantially increased risk of exposure. However, even among urban residents, risk was considerable. Seroprevalence of HGA and HME occurred in diverse regions of the country and tended to be the highest in young adults. Many species of ticks were confirmed carryingA. phagocytophilumorganisms in China while several kinds of domestic animals including dog, goats, sheep, cattle, horse, wild rabbit, and some small wild rodents were proposed to be the reservoir hosts ofA. phagocytophilum. The broad distribution of vector and hosts of theA. phagocytophilumandE. chaffeensis, especially the relationship between the generalized susceptibility of vectors and reservoirs and the severity of the disease’s clinical manifestations and the genetic variation of Chinese HGA isolates in China, is urgently needed to be further investigated.

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