scholarly journals Powder trail: Coaine

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
John Henry
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Arthur Conan Doyle ◽  
Cocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Karl Koller ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

Although cocaine is thought of as a modern drug, use of the South American coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) as a stimulant dates back to the Incas of Peru, and it was during the 19th Century that the major discoveries were made concerning the drug. Albert Niemann first synthesized pure cocaine in 1860, and Karl Koller, an ophthalmologist, discovered its local anaesthetic effect in 1884, which led to its medicinal use, mainly in ear, nose and throat surgery, where it still has a place1. Cocaine was added to drinks, being a constituent of the popular Vin Mariani and also of Coca Cola until it was realized this might not be a good thing. Cocaine was strongly endorsed by Sigmund Freud2 and used by many others over the years for its stimulant and euphoriant effects; Arthur Conan Doyle even had Sherlock Holmes taking a 7% solution of cocaine hydrochloride in The Sign of Four. Nevertheless, cocaine retained a reputation as a relatively safe, non-addictive agent until the early 1980s3.

Local Anaesthetic Effect of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Lannea schimperi (Hoschst. Ex Rich) Eng

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Hudu G. Mikail ◽  
David D. Akumka ◽  
Muhammed Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

scholarly journals LOCAL ANAESTHETIC EFFECT OF OXYFEDRIN IN ANIMALS

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1022-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. EICHBAUM ◽  
W.J. YASAKA
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

PHENAZONE POTENTIATES THE LOCAL ANAESTHETIC EFFECT OF LIDOCAINE IN MICE

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARC VERLEYE ◽  
ISABELLE HEULARD ◽  
JEAN-MARIE GILLARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

Semisynthetic triazoles as an approach in the discovery of Novel Lead Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais ◽  
Carla Santana Francisco ◽  
Heberth de Paula ◽  
Rayssa Ribeiro ◽  
Mariana Alves Eloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

: Historically, the medicinal chemistry is concerned with the approach of organic chemistry to new drug synthesis. Considering the fruitful collections of new molecular entities, the dedicated efforts for medicinal chemistry are rewarding. Planning and search of new and applicable pharmacologic therapies involve the altruistic nature of the scientists. Since the 19th century, notoriously the application of isolated and characterized plant-derived compounds in modern drug discovery and in various stages of clinical development highlight its viability and significance. Natural products influence a broad range of biological processes, covering transcription, translation, and post-translational modification and being effective modulators of almost all basic cellular processes. The research of new chemical entities through “click chemistry” continuously opens up a map for the remarkable exploration of chemical space in towards leading natural products optimization by structure-activity relationship. Finally, here in this review, we expect to gather a broad knowledge involving triazolic natural products derivatives, synthetic routes, structures, and their biological activities.

The role of electrostatic interactions in modulating the local anaesthetic effects of amphipathic agents in frog skeletal muscle

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
James G. Foulks ◽  
Lillian Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Frog Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Selective Enhancement ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

The local anaesthetic effect of cationic, anionic, and neutral alkyl amphipathic agents was similarly enhanced in an apparently nonspecific way by circumstances which modulate electrostatic interactions (acidity, modification of charged groups at the sarcolemmal surface by group-specific reagents, or changes in the calcium concentration), presumably as the result of secondary effects on the conformation of membrane proteins. However, the selective enhancement of the local anaesthetic effect of alkyl trimethylammonium compounds by perchlorate implies a more specific interaction which may influence the penetration of hydrophobic groups into the membrane interior.

Possible involvement of serotonin receptors in the facilitatory effect of a hallucinogenic phenethylamine on single facial motoneurons

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1302-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Penington ◽  
R. J. Reiffenstein
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Responses To Dopamine ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Facial Motoneurons ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

2,5-Dimemoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, "STP") is a potent hallucinogen, proposed to be a serotonin receptor agonist. Its effects have not previously been tested upon central neurons where serotonin is excitatory and serotonin antagonists are effective. Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained from facial motoneurons in anaesthetized rats, and drugs were applied from five-barrelled micropipettes by iontophoresis. Facial motoneurons were commonly silent. During subthreshold application of glutamate, firing could be induced by dopamine and DOM. As reported by others, serotonin and noradrenaline also excited facial motoneurons under these conditions. Methysergide antagonized responses to serotonin and DOM but not those to noradrenaline; methysergide could not usually discriminate between responses to serotonin and dopamine. Ketanserin reversibly antagonized (but could not discriminate between) responses to serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. Chlorpromazine antagonized responses to dopamine at doses that did not alter serotonin-induced excitation, and responses to DOM were not reduced by doses of chlorpromazine, that had no local anaesthetic effect on action potentials elicited by DOM and serotonin. These results suggest that DOM is an agonist on at least one type of central serotonin receptor. This receptor may also be a ketanserin (5-HT2) binding site.

scholarly journals SHAPING AN ANTARCTIC IDENTITY IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-88
Author(s):  
Ignacio Javier Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
National Identities ◽  
South American ◽  
Strategic Communications ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Original Objective ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
South American Continent

Since the end of the 19th century, both Argentina and Chile have woven Antarctica—the white continent—into the conception of their national territories and identities, establishing a tradition that continues today. To understand the process through which these identities have been constructed, this article examines the strategic communications of the countries involved in the dispute over territories south of 60° south latitude. Early negotiations were incidental and reactive, but as the situation evolved internationally the two South American countries became entangled in their strategies to incorporate portions of Antarctica into their national territories, employing diplomatic interchange, symbolic actions, and the projection of an Antarctic identity by means of public discourse, educational curriculum, and maps. Furthermore, they promoted the idea of an ‘American Antarctica’ as a way of linking Antarctica with the South American continent in an effort to obtain international recognition for their territorial claims. Both countries were successful in instilling a domestic ‘national Antarctic consciousness’, but failed to gather international support. Although their strategic communications regarding Antarctica were successful in terms of the original objective of integrating the idea into their respective national identities, resorting to territoriality seems to have limited their ability to adapt to new conditions, such as those established by the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.

Characterization of the neuromuscular block produced by clindamycin and lincomycin

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wright ◽  
B. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Block ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Depressant Effect ◽  
Clinical Toxicity ◽  
Local Anaesthetic Effect ◽  
Nerve Muscle ◽  
Anaesthetic Effect

The site of neuromuscular blockade induced by clindamycin and lincomycin was studied on isolated nerve and nerve–muscle preparations. Clindamycin (3.6 × 10−3 M) but not lincomycin (up to 1.5 × 10−2 M) had a local anaesthetic effect on a frog desheathed nerve preparation. Clindamycin (8 × 10−4 M) and lincomycin (4 × 10−3 M) depressed the response of the rat diaphragm to nerve stimulation and to direct muscle stimulation in parallel. This indicated that the predominant neuromuscular blocking effect of these antibiotics was due to an effect on the muscle. Clindamycin was fivefold more potent than lincomycin in this effect, and the unionized form of both drugs was the active form. Lincomycin (4 × 10−3 M) but not clindamycin (8 × 10−4 M) also had some depressant effect on nerve–muscle transmission as indicated by the interaction of the effects of the antibiotics and d-tubocurarine. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the acute clinical toxicity of these antibiotics.

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