P005 The effect of alcohol on the motor control of the genioglossus muscle

Rationale Alcohol is recognised to worsen snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This effect is thought to be due to alcohol’s depressant effect on upper airway dilator muscles such as the genioglossus, but how alcohol reduces genioglossus activity is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate alcohol’s effect on genioglossus single motor units (SMUs). Methods Healthy individuals visited the lab on two days (Alcohol: breath alcohol concentration ~0.08% or Placebo). They were instrumented with a nasal mask, 4 intramuscular genioglossus SMU EMG wires and an ear oximeter. They were exposed to 8–12 hypoxia trials (45-60s of 10%O2 followed by one breath of 100%O2) while awake. The SMUs were sorted according to their firing patterns with respect to respiration and were quantified during baseline, hypoxia, hyperoxia and recovery. Results The total number of SMUs recorded at baseline (68 and 67 respectively) and their distribution (ET: 29 vs 22, IP: 5 vs 10, IT: 8 vs 20 and TT: 26 vs 15 respectively) was similar between conditions. The discharge frequency did not differ between conditions (21Hz vs 22.4Hz, p>0.08). There was no difference between placebo and alcohol in the number (101 vs 88 respectively) and distribution (ET: 35 vs 32, IP: 22 vs 16, IT: 14 vs 22 and TT: 30 vs 17 respectively, p<0.05) of SMUs during hypoxia. Afterdischarge following hypoxia was also not different between conditions. Conclusion Alcohol has little effect on genioglossus SMUs and afterdischarge. OSA following alcohol may be related to increased upper airway resistance/nasal congestion.

Anesthetic Management of Patient with Preeclampsia, Pulmonary Edema, and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Pregnancy Undergoing Caesarean Section: A Case Report

Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs in pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation with manifestations involving multi organ systems such as pulmonary edema and ventricle dysfunction. Cardiomyopathy is a heart disorder characterized by myocardial dysfunction unrelated to any other previous heart disease. Case: A 31-year-old woman diagnosed with G1P0A0 full-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, pulmonary edema, cardiomyopathy, and fetal distress, who underwent cesarean section. On physical examination, shortness of breath was found in semi-Fowler position. Patient had high blood pressure and global hypokinesis was found on echocardiography results. She was planned for general anesthesia with semi-closed intubation technique and breath controlled. Anesthetic management should optimize the preoxygenation, provide positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), maintain the minimal myocardial depressant effect of drugs, and maintain a normovolemic state. It could improve the good outcomes. Conclusion: Three things that must be considered when starting the induction are oxygenation, fluid status, and selection of drugs that do not make the heart work harder. The combination of fentanyl, midazolam, and sevoflurane is the drug of choice used for induction, because it can minimize the cardiac depressant effect.

Biodepression of Copper-Activated Pyrite with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in Flotation with Fresh and Seawater

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has been shown to be a good depressant of pyrite in freshwater and seawater flotation. However, the effect of these bacteria over copper-activated pyrite has not been studied. At the industrial scale, the activation of pyrite with copper is a common process that occurs because Cu2+ ions, released from other minerals, react with pyrite. This is a problem because Cu2+ ions facilitate the reaction of pyrite with the xanthate collectors, becoming hydrophobic and reaching the froth. In this study, microflotation experiments in a Hallimond tube were conducted to evaluate the depressant effect of A. ferrooxidans over non-activated and Cu-activated pyrite in freshwater and seawater flotation. The experiments were carried out at pH 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and pyrite was mixed with CuSO4 at 2.5×10−5 and 5×10−5 M in order to activate its surface. Considering the results obtained in the microflotation tests, it is possible to conclude that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is able to depress non-activated and Cu-activated pyrite at the entire pH range studied (4–12) in freshwater. On the other hand, the use of bacteria in flotation with seawater proved to be effective to depress non-activated and Cu-activated pyrite at pH 8 and 10 with better results achieved at pH 10. At this pH, the non-activated pyrite recovery dropped from 96% to 15%, and the recovery of Cu-activated pyrite dropped from 95% to 32% when the activation was carried out at 2.5×10−5 M, and from 87% to 50% when the activation was conducted at 5×10−5 M of CuSO4. The XPS analysis showed that chalcopyrite and copper (II) hydroxide were formed on the pyrite surface when it is contacted with CuSO4.

Anesthetic Management of Patient with Preeclampsia, Pulmonary Edema, and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Pregnancy Undergoing Caesarean Section: A Case Report

Preeclampsia is a disease that occurs in pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation with manifestations involving multi organ systems such as pulmonary edema and ventricle dysfunction. Cardiomyopathy is a heart disorder characterized by myocardial dysfunction unrelated to any other previous heart disease. Case: A 31-year-old woman diagnosed with G1P0A0 full-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, pulmonary edema, cardiomyopathy, and fetal distress, who underwent cesarean section. On physical examination, shortness of breath was found in semi-Fowler position. Patient had high blood pressure and global hypokinesis was found on echocardiography results. She was planned for general anesthesia with semi-closed intubation technique and breath controlled. Anesthetic management should optimize the preoxygenation, provide positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), maintain the minimal myocardial depressant effect of drugs, and maintain a normovolemic state. It could improve the good outcomes. Conclusion: Three things that must be considered when starting the induction are oxygenation, fluid status, and selection of drugs that do not make the heart work harder. The combination of fentanyl, midazolam, and sevoflurane is the drug of choice used for induction, because it can minimize the cardiac depressant effect.

Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression and cognition in individuals with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA-approved therapy in major depressive disorder. However, its treatment efficacy on depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains inconclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of executing rTMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on depression, cognitive impairment and post-concussion syndrome in individuals with traumatic brain injury. This study contained seven randomized controlled trials that published before April 5, 2020 in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. The rTMS had significant anti-depressant effect (SMD = 1.03, p = 0.02), but the effects dissipated at 1-month follow-up (SMD = 0.39, p = 0.62). In the subgroup analysis, only applying rTMS to left DLPFC area of post-TBI patients showed significant anti-depressant effect (SMD = 0.98, p = 0.04). Moreover, current data observed that rTMS on post-TBI patients possessed substantial improvement in visuospatial memory (SMD = 0.39, p < 0.0001), but wasn’t in processing speed (SMD = − 0.18, p = 0.32) and selective attention (SMD = 0.21, p = 0.31). In addition, the effect of rTMS is not superior to sham on postconcussion syndrome. In conclusion, the short-term antidepressant effect of left DLPFC rTMS in patients with TBI was significant. However, the effectiveness of rTMS on cognition and postconcussion syndrome in patients with post-TBI depression was limited.

Bio protectors’ effect on the composition of some amino acids under alcohol-induced oxidative stress

The studies, which may reveal some elements of regulation between the metabolic processes of proteins (at the level of translation and changes in the amino acid spectrum) as well as catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates under conditions of pathological deviations of the functioning of the animal organism, are promising, and the search for protective substances of a different nature is necessary. The aim is to study and analyze a bio protectors’ effect on the composition of some amino acids under alcohol-induced oxidative stress. During the experimental period, changes in the body weight of rats confirm the depressant effect of alcohol on the dynamics of weight gain of animals during their growth and development, and the positive protective effect of betaine and additives (protein+minerals). The increased activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase in the blood serum of rats in experimental groups of animals with the absence of protectors’ substances in the diet indicates a deviation in the functional capacity of the liver. The determined indices of the content of creatinine and urea were increased significantly that points out on possible pathological deviation of the kidney. Under alcohol substances, changes of such biochemical indexes value as lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and the content of malonic dialdehyde indicate oxidative stress. In the case of bio protectors’ presence, values of biochemical parameters become to ones in the animals of control groups. It was observed, that betaine has a higher potential for the correction of the above pathological abnormalities than protein-containing additives with minerals in the form of chelate, but the last is perspective for further study and their use as a raw material for the development of more complex bio protectors

Investigation of Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Hypoglycaemic, Neuropharmacological and Cytotoxic Properties of Clerodendrum viscosum (Leaves)

Clerodendrum viscosum (CV) has been used traditionally to treat medical problems like asthma, ulcer, inflammation, pyrexia, diabetes, malaria, skin diseases, snakebite and tumor by folk practitioners. The present study evaluated the analgesic, antiinflammatory, neuropharmacological and cytotoxic properties C. viscosum (leaves) in rodents. Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 25-30 gm and SD rats (150-180 mg) were divided into control (DW), standard (model specific) as well as test groups (n=6). Analgesic potential was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin induced pawlicking test. Anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by xylene and croton oil induced ear edema test. Glucose tolerance was evaluated by OGTT in normal rats. Pentobarbital induced sleeping time test was applied to assess neuropharmacological activity. Also, Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was employed for cytotoxicity evaluation. The alcoholic extracts showed significant antinociceptive activity in acetic acid test (p<0.01) and formalin test (p<0.05) at the dose of 1000mg/kg bw. The crude extract reduced inflammation significantly (p<0.01) in both xylene and croton oil induced ear edema test. At the dose of 1000mg/kg it increased glucose tolerance significantly (p<0.05) in normal rats. CV extract significantly (p<0.01) increased sleeping time indicating CNS depressant effect. The extract exhibited a potent cytotoxicity against brine shrimp (LC50=316.23μg/ml). C. viscosum leaves showed analgesic, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic and CNS depressant effect against experimentally induced model mice. It also possessed cytotoxic properties and further studies are required to evaluate these effects and the potential of the plant.

POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF LOXOPROFEN IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN SUCROSE INTAKE IN CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL IN MICE

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of Loxoprofen in sucrose intake in the absence and presence of Lipopolysaccharide in chronic mild stress model of depression in mice. Methods: There was a measurement of sucrose intake in chronic mild stress model (CMS), consisting of 21 days stress schedule in which mice were subjected to the treatment of Loxoprofen (16.8 mg/kg, p.o.) with or without treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) for the past 14 days. Results: The result of the present study indicated that mice treated with Venlafaxine and Loxoprofen showed a significant increase in the sucrose intake in stressed mice in chronic mild stress model. LPS-treated mice presented a decrease in sucrose intake when compared to controls. Similarly, Venlafaxine and Loxoprofen in the presence of LPS could increase the sucrose intake as compared to LPS treated stressed mice. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Loxoprofen could influence LPS induced alterations in sucrose intake in mice in chronic mild stress model. It can also indicate the possible anti-depressant effect of Loxoprofen in mice subjected to chronic mild stress model of depression, having its possible implication in future treatment of depression.

ENHANCERS OF LIVER REGENERATION IN ONCOLOGICAL SURGERY

INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy hinders liver function and probably its regenerating capacity, forcing to delay it after surgery. Our objective has been to verify this effect in an experimental model and to see if a hepatotrophic agent can prevent it. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four groups of 6 WAG/RijHsd rats (males, 3-4 months) were submitted to ligation of the portal branch to the left lateral and left paramedian lobes. They were sacrificed 36 h later to quantify the percentage of liver corresponding to the ligated lobes (weight), the number of hepatocyte’s nuclei (nº/100 µm2) and their mean size (µm2). One group received no treatment (control); another folic acid (2.5 mg/kg ip, during surgery); other 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU 50 mg/kg ip 48 h before); and the fourth received folic&5-FU. RESULTS The animals treated with folic acid showed a greater number of hepatocyte’s nuclei (24.4 ± 2.77 vs 15.2 ± 1.51) and their mean size was also greater (121 ± 2.34 vs 111 ± 1.8). However, the reduction in weight of the ligated parenchyma was less than in control group (33.4 ± 1.08 vs 29.5 ± 1.08). 5-FU did not modify the number of nuclei (15.6 ± 18.4), although they were smaller in size (104 ± 1.7). The addition of folic acid to 5-FU increased the number of nuclei (21.7 ± 2.8) and normalized their size (111 ± 3.2). CONCLUSIONS 5-FU exerts a depressant effect on livers regeneration, and folic acid overcomes it. Thus, folic acid could allow early application of chemotherapy without affecting liver regeneration.