Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily

2001 ◽  
Vol 360 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
David SHEEHAN ◽  
Gerardene MEADE ◽  
Vivienne M. FOLEY ◽  
Catriona A. DOWD
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione Transferases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Substrate Inhibitor

The glutathione transferases (GSTs; also known as glutathione S-transferases) are major phase II detoxification enzymes found mainly in the cytosol. In addition to their role in catalysing the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione (GSH), these enzymes also carry out a range of other functions. They have peroxidase and isomerase activities, they can inhibit the Jun N-terminal kinase (thus protecting cells against H2O2-induced cell death), and they are able to bind non-catalytically a wide range of endogenous and exogenous ligands. Cytosolic GSTs of mammals have been particularly well characterized, and were originally classified into Alpha, Mu, Pi and Theta classes on the basis of a combination of criteria such as substrate/inhibitor specificity, primary and tertiary structure similarities and immunological identity. Non-mammalian GSTs have been much less well characterized, but have provided a disproportionately large number of three-dimensional structures, thus extending our structure–function knowledge of the superfamily as a whole. Moreover, several novel classes identified in non-mammalian species have been subsequently identified in mammals, sometimes carrying out functions not previously associated with GSTs. These studies have revealed that the GSTs comprise a widespread and highly versatile superfamily which show similarities to non-GST stress-related proteins. Independent classification systems have arisen for groups of organisms such as plants and insects. This review surveys the classification of GSTs in non-mammalian sources, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, insects and helminths, and attempts to relate them to the more mainstream classification system for mammalian enzymes. The implications of this classification with regard to the evolution of GSTs are discussed.

Differential Induction of Glutathione Transferases and Glucosyltransferases in Wheat, Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana by Herbicide Safeners

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Edwards ◽  
Daniele Del Buono ◽  
Michael Fordham ◽  
Mark Skipsey ◽  
Melissa Brazier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione Transferases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Herbicide Safeners ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Right

Abstract By learning lessons from weed science we have adopted three approaches to make plants more effective in phytoremediation: 1. The application of functional genomics to identify key components involved in the detoxification of, or tolerance to, xenobiotics for use in subsequent genetic engineering/breeding programmes. 2. The rational metabolic engineering of plants through the use of forced evolution of protective enzymes, or alternatively transgenesis of detoxification pathways. 3. The use of chemical treatments which protect plants from herbicide injury. In this paper we examine the regulation of the xenome by herbicide safeners, which are chemicals widely used in crop protection due to their ability to enhance herbicide selectivity in cereals. We demonstrate that these chemicals act to enhance two major groups of phase 2 detoxification enzymes, notably the glutathione transferases and glucosyltransferases, in both cereals and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, with the safeners acting in a chemical- and species-specific manner. Our results demonstrate that by choosing the right combination of safener and plant it should be possible to enhance the tolerance of diverse plants to a wide range of xenobiotics including pollutants.

Tourism demonstration system for large-scale museums based on 3D virtual simulation technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-381
Author(s):  
Yongcai Hu ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Xigang Liu ◽  
Quan Gan ◽  
Jie Shi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Virtual Simulation ◽  
Simulation Technology ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Scene

Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance audience experience in museum by using three-dimensional (3D) virtual simulation technology. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a large space museum building tourism demonstration system based on 3D virtual simulation technology was proposed. Starting from the concept of virtual reality (VR), the characteristics of VR and the classification of VR systems were introduced, and the research status of VR technology at home and abroad and the application of 3D virtual simulation were discussed. Then the key technologies of 3D modeling, 3D scene optimization and 3D simulation driving of 3D virtual simulation were expounded, and the characteristics and application scope of different technical methods were analyzed. Finally, an example of the Hongzhou Kiln 3D network museum was listed. Findings The research results showed that 3D virtual simulation has a wide range of applications in the field of VR. Different elements need to be considered for different types of applications, and different contents need to be integrated to achieve the corresponding interaction modes. Originality/value Virtual image; multimedia; large space museum; tourism demonstration system; 3D virtual simulation technology.

scholarly journals Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 2223-2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald B. Smith ◽  
Peter Simmonds ◽  
Shahid Jameel ◽  
Suzanne U. Emerson ◽  
Tim J. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Novel Variants

The family Hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. A subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. Current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family Hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. Through analysis of existing sequence information, we propose a taxonomic scheme in which the family is divided into the genera Orthohepevirus (all mammalian and avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates) and Piscihepevirus (cutthroat trout virus). Species within the genus Orthohepevirus are designated Orthohepevirus A (isolates from human, pig, wild boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit and camel), Orthohepevirus B (isolates from chicken), Orthohepevirus C (isolates from rat, greater bandicoot, Asian musk shrew, ferret and mink) and Orthohepevirus D (isolates from bat). Proposals are also made for the designation of genotypes within the human and rat HEVs. This hierarchical system is congruent with hepevirus phylogeny, and the three classification levels (genus, species and genotype) are consistent with, and reflect discontinuities in the ranges of pairwise distances between amino acid sequences. Adoption of this system would include the avoidance of host names in taxonomic identifiers and provide a logical framework for the assignment of novel variants.

scholarly journals International conference «Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems» devoted to the 90th anniversary of the department of pedology and land resources estimation, Irkutsk State University and year of Baikal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
T. V. Nechaeva ◽  
N. A. Sokolova ◽  
N. D. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
State University ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
90Th Anniversary ◽  
The Village ◽  
Bratsk Reservoir

From August 23 to August 29, 2021, Irkutsk hosted the Vth International Scientific and Practical Conference "Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems" (hereinafter – the conference) dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Assessment of the Irkutsk State University (ISU) and the Year of Baikal. The total number of participants of the conference was 130 from 27 regions of Russia and 6 other countries (the Republic of Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Lebanon and Lithuania). The article presents a brief review of plenary and sectional reports on the following research topics: 1) theoretical soil science: genesis, evolution, classification problems; 2). multidisciplinary approaches of soil science related to the use of soil science methods in other research areas and scientific and industrial areas; 3) Soil resources and land assessment (fertility, degradation, land reclamation, qualitative and economic assessment, ecology and land protection). A total of 43 presentations were given at the conference: 8 plenary and 35 sectional. The interested reader will find a detailed description of the reports presented in this review, as well as other and other conference materials in the collection "Soil as interlink for functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems" (2021). A brief description of two excursions is given: (1) one excursion to the beautiful scenery at the shore of the Lake Baikal, held on August 23, 2021; (2) and another excursion at the Bratsk Reservoir on August 26-29, 2021. The purpose of the excursions wass to get acquainted with the nature and historical and cultural heritage of the Irkutsk region, Lake Baikal, as well as with soils, soil-forming rocks and natural features of the Southern Angara region. During the excursion tour, landscapes, rock outcrops and soil sections were presented: soils on a bumpy-depression relief; Paleolithic site of ancient man "Malta" with sections near the geoarchaeological objects "Malta-Bridge 3"; alluvial gray-humus soil in the floodplain of the Belaya River; exposure of Lower Cambrian rocks near the village Novomaltinsk; Cheremkhovsky coal mine; dispersed-carbonate gypseous chernozem near the Unga River; Novonukutsky gypsum mine; gray metamorphic soil and micellar-segregational chernozem on the bank of the Bratsk reservoir near the village Balagansk. At the end of the tour, the conference participants held a roundtable discussion about the problems of genesis and classification of the soils of the south of the Near-Angara region. The classification position of all the presented soils was justified within the framework of two classification systems: Classification of soils of Russia (2004) and Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR (1977). For scientific and informational support of the excursion, the guide "Southern Pre-Angara region: features of soil formation on rocks of different ages" (2021) was prepared and published. The conference aroused great interest among a wide range of specialists in the field of soil science, agrochemistry and ecology, land resource assessment, landscape studies, etc. The organization of such events promotes exchange of experience and strengthens the cooperation between researchers from leading universities and research centers, advancing the effective development of soil science, research methodology and practice, generalizing the information about soil as a link between the functioning of natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems.

New Methodology for Shape Classification of Aggregates

2005 ◽  
Vol 1913 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taleb Al-Rousan ◽  
Eyad Masad ◽  
Leslie Myers ◽  
Cliff Speigelman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Texture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Shape Distribution ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aggregate Shape ◽  
Shape Characteristics

Aggregate shape characteristics play a major role in determining the structural and functional properties of asphalt mixes. A comprehensive, statistically based methodology for the analysis and classification of the shape characteristics of both fine and coarse aggregates is presented. These characteristics are form (three dimensions of coarse aggregates), angularity, and surface texture. The methodology was developed by measuring the distribution of the shape characteristics of aggregates from a wide range of sources and varying sizes. The limits for the classification groups were determined with the use of a cluster analysis. The new methodology offers several advantages over current methods used in practice. It is based on the distribution of shape characteristics in an aggregate sample rather than on average indices of these characteristics. The coarse aggregate form is determined with the use of a three-dimensional analysis of particles, which allows particles to be distinguished between flat, elongated, or flat and elongated particles. The fundamental gradient and wavelet methods were used to quantify angularity and surface texture, respectively. The classification methodology can be used to evaluate the effects of different processes, such as crushing techniques and blending, on aggregate shape distribution. It also lends itself to the development of aggregate specifications on the basis of the distribution of shape characteristics.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional classification of the Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using coronal and lateral spinal radiographs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Pasha ◽  
Victor Ho-Fung ◽  
Malcolm Eker ◽  
Sarah Nossov ◽  
Michael Francavilla
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Third Dimension

Abstract Background Classification of the spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains two-dimensional (2D) as the spinal radiographs remain the mainstay in clinical evaluation of the disease. 3D classification systems are proposed, however are time consuming. We here aim to evaluate the clinical application of a 3D classification system by the use of only posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs in Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods Forty Lenke 1 AIS were classified by five observers following a three-step flowchart, developed based on our previous 3D classification system. This 3D classification characterizes the curve in the frontal and sagittal views and infers the third dimension with rules based on prior data to determine the 3D subtypes of the curve. Repeated rating was performed for 20 randomly selected patients in the same cohort. In addition to the classification by the raters, the 3D model of the spines were generated to determine the actual curve subtype based on the algorithm that was originally used to develop the 3D classification system. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability and the classification accuracy were determined for both 3D and axial classifications of the cohort. Results The interobserver reliability was moderate to strong with a kappa value between 0.61–0.89 for 3D and axial classifications. Comparing the mathematical classification and the raters’ classification, the classification accuracy among all raters ranged between 56 and 89%. Conclusion We evaluated the reliability of a previously developed 3D classification system for Lenke 1 AIS patients when only two-view spinal radiographs are available. Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons were able to identify the 3D subtypes of Lenke 1 AIS from the patients’ radiographs with moderate to strong reliability. The new 3D classification has the potential to identify the subtypes of the Lenke 1 AIS without a need for quantitative 3D image post-processing.

Phonetic iconicity in the evaluative morphology of a sample of Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian languages

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová ◽  
Lívia Körtvélyessy ◽  
Július Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Core Vocabulary

Universals Archive (Universal #1926) indicates a universal tendency for sound symbolism in reference to the expression of diminutives and augmentatives. The research ( Štekauer et al. 2009 ) carried out on European languages has not proved the tendency at all. Therefore, our research was extended to cover three language families – Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian. A three-step analysis examining different aspects of phonetic symbolism was carried out on a core vocabulary of 35 lexical items. A research sample was selected out of 60 languages. The evaluative markers were analyzed according to both phonetic classification of vowels and consonants and Ultan's and Niewenhuis' conclusions on the dominance of palatal and post-alveolar consonants in diminutive markers. Finally, the data obtained in our sample languages was evaluated by means of a three-dimensional model illustrating the place of articulation of the individual segments.

scholarly journals Classification of Post-Fire Responses of Woody Plants to include Pyrophobic Communities

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
General Category ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Obligate Seeder ◽  
In Fire

Developing standardised classification of post-fire responses is essential for globally consistent comparisons of woody vegetation communities. Existing classification systems are based on responses of species growing in fire-prone environments. To accommodate species that occur in rarely burnt environments, we have suggested some important points of clarification to earlier schemes categorizing post-fire responses. We have illustrated this approach using several Australasian conifer species as examples of pyrophobic species. In particular, we suggest using the term “obligate seeder” for the general category of plants that rely on seed to reproduce, and qualifying this to “post-fire obligate seeder” for the narrower category of species with populations that recover from canopy fire only by seeding; the species are typically fire-cued, with large aerial or soil seed banks that germinate profusely following a fire, and grow and reproduce rapidly in order to renew the seed bank before the next fire.

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