Muscle fatigue and pain after eccentric contractions at long and short length

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Newham ◽  
D. A. Jones ◽  
G. Ghosh ◽  
P. Aurora
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Short Length ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Muscle Tenderness ◽  
Dependent Component ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Contralateral Muscle

1. The effect of muscle length on the development of muscle pain and fatigue has been studied. 2. Eight normal young adults performed maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. The muscles of one arm were exercised at short length, and the contralateral muscle at long length. Each contraction lasted approximately 1 s, and was repeated once every 10 s for 30 min. 3. Muscle strength and frequency-force characteristics were measured from isometric contractions before, immediately after and at 24 h intervals for the next 4 days. Muscle tenderness was assessed daily. 4. The muscle strength was reduced by approximately 10% by exercise at short length, and by 30% by exercise at long length. 5. The 20:100 ratio (force generated by stimulation at 20 Hz/force generated at 100 Hz) fell by 30% after exercise at short length and had recovered after 24 h. Exercise at long length reduced this ratio by 65% and the muscles had not fully recovered 4 days later. 6. Muscle pain developed after both exercise regimens, but was slightly worse after that at long length. 7. It is concluded that there is a length-dependent component in the development of pain and fatigue after eccentric exercise, which had previously been thought to be caused solely by high force generation.

scholarly journals Two maximal isometric contractions attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Lian Chen ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Alan J. Pearce ◽  
Trevor C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study investigated whether maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC-ISO) would attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Young untrained men were placed into one of the two experimental groups or one control group (n = 13 per group). Subjects in the experimental groups performed either two or 10 MVC-ISO of the elbow flexors at a long muscle length (20° flexion) 2 days prior to 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Subjects in the control group performed the eccentric contractions without MVC-ISO. No significant changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction peak torque, peak torque angle, range of motion, upper arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and myoglobin concentration, muscle soreness, and ultrasound echo intensity were evident after MVC-ISO. Changes in the variables following eccentric contractions were smaller (P < 0.05) for the 2 MVC-ISO group (e.g., peak torque loss at 5 days after exercise, 23% ± 3%; peak CK activity, 1964 ± 452 IU·L–1; peak muscle soreness, 46 ± 4 mm) or the 10 MVC-ISO group (13% ± 3%, 877 ± 198 IU·L–1, 30 ± 4 mm) compared with the control (34% ± 4%, 6192 ± 1747 IU·L–1, 66 ± 5 mm). The 10 MVC-ISO group showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in all variables following eccentric contractions compared with the 2 MVC-ISO group. Therefore, two MVC-ISO conferred potent protective effects against muscle damage, whereas greater protective effect was induced by 10 MVC-ISO, which can be used as a strategy to minimize muscle damage.

Striking muscle adaptations induced by volume-dependent repeated bouts of low-intensity eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor C. Chen ◽  
Wei-Chin Tseng ◽  
Hsin-Lian Chen ◽  
Kuo-Wei Tseng ◽  
Tai-Ying Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Damage Protection

We investigated the effects of repeating 30 low-intensity eccentric contractions with a dumbbell corresponding to 10% maximal isometric strength (10%EC) on muscle strength and hypertrophy, and muscle damage after 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors (MaxEC). Young men were placed to one of three experimental groups that performed 10%EC either once, twice a week for four (eight bouts) or eight weeks (16 bouts) before MaxEC, or a control group that performed two bouts of MaxEC separated by two weeks (n=13/group). Repeating 16 bouts of 10%EC increased (P<0.05) maximal voluntary contraction strength (30±21%) and muscle thickness (4.2±2.3%) greater than eight bouts (16±4%, 1.9±1.3%). Changes in the muscle damage markers after MaxEC were smaller (P<0.05) for the experimental groups than the control group, and the magnitude of muscle damage protection was greater (P<0.05) after 16 (65±30%) than 8 bouts (55±33%), followed by one bout (34±27%). The protection by 16 bouts was similar (P=0.81) to that shown by the second MaxEC of the control group. These results showed that 10%EC produced potent muscle adaptation effects accumulatively and conferred muscle damage protection, but one bout of 10%EC was still effective for conferring approximately 20% of the protection of that by 16 bouts. Novelty bullets: ●Repeating low-intensity eccentric exercise induces large increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy. ●Low-intensity eccentric exercise protects muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric contractions, and the protection is reinforced by repeating it. ●These are especially beneficial for individuals who are frail and cannot tolerate high-intensity resistance training.

Angle-specific impairment of elbow flexors strength after isometric exercise at long muscle length

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastassios Philippou ◽  
Maria Maridaki ◽  
Gregory C. Bogdanis
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Elbow Flexors

scholarly journals Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Peake ◽  
Oliver Neubauer ◽  
Paul A. Della Gatta ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Exercise Induced

Unaccustomed exercise consisting of eccentric (i.e., lengthening) muscle contractions often results in muscle damage characterized by ultrastructural alterations in muscle tissue, clinical signs, and symptoms (e.g., reduced muscle strength and range of motion, increased muscle soreness and swelling, efflux of myocellular proteins). The time course of recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage depends on the extent of initial muscle damage, which in turn is influenced by the intensity and duration of exercise, joint angle/muscle length, and muscle groups used during exercise. The effects of these factors on muscle strength, soreness, and swelling are well characterized. By contrast, much less is known about how they affect intramuscular inflammation and molecular aspects of muscle adaptation/remodeling. Although inflammation has historically been viewed as detrimental for recovery from exercise, it is now generally accepted that inflammatory responses, if tightly regulated, are integral to muscle repair and regeneration. Animal studies have revealed that various cell types, including neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD8 and T-regulatory lymphocytes, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and pericytes help to facilitate muscle tissue regeneration. However, more research is required to determine whether these cells respond to exercise-induced muscle damage. A large body of research has investigated the efficacy of physicotherapeutic, pharmacological, and nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, with mixed results. More research is needed to examine if/how these treatments influence inflammation and muscle remodeling during recovery from exercise.

The effects of adding single-joint exercises to a multi-joint exercise resistance training program on upper body muscle strength and size in trained men

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 822-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Silvestre de França ◽  
Paulo Alexandre Nordeste Branco ◽  
Dilmar Pinto Guedes Junior ◽  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
James Steele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Body Muscle ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elbow Flexors And Extensors

The aim of this study was compare changes in upper body muscle strength and size in trained men performing resistance training (RT) programs involving multi-joint plus single-joint (MJ+SJ) or only multi-joint (MJ) exercises. Twenty young men with at least 2 years of experience in RT were randomized in 2 groups: MJ+SJ (n = 10; age, 27.7 ± 6.6 years) and MJ (n = 10; age, 29.4 ± 4.6 years). Both groups trained for 8 weeks following a linear periodization model. Measures of elbow flexors and extensors 1-repetition maximum (1RM), flexed arm circumference (FAC), and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were taken pre- and post-training period. Both groups significantly increased 1RM for elbow flexion (4.99% and 6.42% for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), extension (10.60% vs 9.79%, for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), FAC (1.72% vs 1.45%, for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), and AMC (1.33% vs 3.17% for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively). Comparison between groups revealed no significant difference in any variable. In conclusion, 8 weeks of RT involving MJ or MJ+SJ resulted in similar alterations in muscle strength and size in trained participants. Therefore, the addition of SJ exercises to a RT program involving MJ exercises does not seem to promote additional benefits to trained men, suggesting MJ-only RT to be a time-efficient approach.

Repeated high-force eccentric exercise: effects on muscle pain and damage

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1381-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Newham ◽  
D. A. Jones ◽  
P. M. Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Force Frequency ◽  
Muscle Tenderness ◽  
Repeated Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Plasma Creatine Kinase ◽  
Very High

Five women and three men (aged 24–43 yr) performed maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors (for 20 min) on three occasions, spaced 2 wk apart. Muscle pain, strength and contractile properties, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) were studied before and after each exercise bout. Muscle tenderness was greatest after the first bout and thereafter progressively decreased. Very high plasma CK levels (1,500–11,000 IU/l) occurred after the first bout, but the second and third bouts did not significantly affect the plasma CK. After each bout the strength was reduced by approximately 50% and after 2 wk had only recovered to 80% of preexercise values. Each exercise bout produced a marked shift of the force-frequency curve to the right which took approximately 2 wk to recover. The recovery rate of both strength and force-frequency characteristics was faster after the second and third bouts. Since the adaptation occurred after the performance of maximal contractions it cannot have been a result of changes in motor unit recruitment. The observed training effect of repeated exercise was not a consequence of the muscle becoming either stronger or more resistant to fatigue.

scholarly journals In-Bed Sensorimotor Rehabilitation in Early and Late Subacute Stroke Using a Wearable Elbow Robot: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Zhen Huang ◽  
Yong-Soon Yoon ◽  
Jisu Yang ◽  
Chung-Yong Yang ◽  
Li-Qun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Recovery Curve ◽  
Strength Recovery ◽  
Subacute Stroke

Objects: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of in-bed wearable elbow robot training for motor recovery in patients with early and late subacute stroke.Methods: Eleven in-patient stroke survivors (male/female: 7/4, age: 50.7 ± 10.6 years, post-stroke duration: 2.6 ± 1.9 months) received 15 sessions of training over about 4 weeks of hospital stay. During each hourly training, participants received passive stretching and active movement training with motivating games using a wearable elbow rehabilitation robot. Isometric maximum muscle strength (MVC) of elbow flexors and extensors was evaluated using the robot at the beginning and end of each training session. Clinical measures including Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE), Motricity Index (MI) for upper extremities, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) were measured at baseline, after the 4-week training program, and at a 1-month follow-up. The muscle strength recovery curve over the training period was characterized as a logarithmic learning curve with three parameters (i.e., initial muscle strength, rate of improvement, and number of the training session).Results: At the baseline, participants had moderate to severe upper limb motor impairment {FMA-UE [median (interquartile range)]: 28 (18–45)} and mild spasticity in elbow flexors {MAS [median (interquartile range)]: 0 (0–1)}. After about 4 weeks of training, significant improvements were observed in FMA-UE (p = 0.003) and MI (p = 0.005), and the improvements were sustained at the follow-up. The elbow flexors MVC significantly increased by 1.93 Nm (95% CI: 0.93 to 2.93 Nm, p = 0.017) and the elbow extensor MVC increased by 0.68 Nm (95% CI: 0.05 to 1.98 Nm, p = 0.036). Muscle strength recovery curve showed that patients with severe upper limb motor impairment had a greater improvement rate in elbow flexor strength than those with moderate motor impairment.Conclusion: In-bed wearable elbow robotic rehabilitation is feasible and effective in improving biomechanical and clinical outcomes for early and late subacute stroke in-patients. Results from the pilot study suggested that patients with severe upper limb motor impairment may benefit more from the robot training compared to those with moderate impairment.

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