Elevated Heart Rate Variability in Physically Active Young and Older Adult Women

1998 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Davy ◽  
Christopher A. Desouza ◽  
Pamela P. Jones ◽  
Douglas R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Sedentary Women ◽  
Frequency Power

1. Low heart rate variability is associated with an increased risk of cardiac sudden death, coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. We have previously shown that physically active postmenopausal women demonstrate higher levels of heart rate variability and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity compared to their sedentary peers. The purpose of the present prospective study was to test the hypothesis that heart rate variability and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity would be reduced with age in sedentary but not physically active women. To accomplish this, we measured heart rate variability (both time and frequency domain) and spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (SBRS, sequence method) in the sitting posture in 23 sedentary women [11 premenopausal and 12 postmenopausal (age, 28 ± 1 and 61 ± 2 years; Vo2max, 35.3 ± 1.4 and 21.7 ± 1.5 ml · min−1 · kg−1 respectively] and in 22 physically active women [12 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal (age, 31 ± 1 and 59 ± 2 years; Vo2max, 52.5 ± 1.4 and 39.7 ± 1.8 ml · min−1 · kg−1)]. 2. The S.D. of the R—R interval (time domain) was reduced (P < 0.05) with age in both sedentary (52 ± 6 versus 33 ± 4 ms) and physically active women (72 ± 8 versus 49 ± 9 ms). The high-frequency power (3740 ± 1527 versus 915 ± 188 and 9516 ± 2849 versus 2803 ± 1083 ms2/Hz), total power of heart rate variability and SBRS (11 ± 2 versus 7 ± 2 and 19 ± 3 versus 13 ± 2 ms/mmHg) also demonstrated similar age-related reductions in sedentary and physically active women, respectively (all P < 0.05). The S.D. of the R—R interval, high-frequency and total power of heart rate variability, and SBRS were higher (all P < 0.05) in the physically active compared with the sedentary women at any age. There was no significant influence of age or physical activity status on the low-frequency power of heart rate variability. In addition, no significant differences in any of the time or frequency domain measures of heart rate variability or SBRS were observed in users compared with non-users of hormone replacement therapy. 3. The results of the present study suggest that heart rate variability and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity decline similarly with age in healthy sedentary and physically active women. However, physically active women demonstrate higher levels of heart rate variability and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity compared with their sedentary peers, regardless of age.

Heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity are reduced in chronically undernourished, but otherwise healthy, human subjects

2003 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario VAZ ◽  
A.V. BHARATHI ◽  
S. SUCHARITA ◽  
D. NAZARETH
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Frequency Power

Alterations in autonomic nerve activity in subjects in a chronically undernourished state have been proposed, but have been inadequately documented. The present study evaluated heart rate and systolic blood pressure variability in the frequency domain in two underweight groups, one of which was undernourished and recruited from the lower socio-economic strata [underweight, undernourished (UW/UN); n = 15], while the other was from a high class of socio-economic background [underweight, well nourished (UW/WN); n = 17], as well as in normal-weight controls [normal weight, well nourished (NW/WN); n = 27]. Baroreflex sensitivity, which is a determinant of heart rate variability, was also assessed. The data indicate that total power (0–0.4Hz), low-frequency power (0.04–0.15Hz) and high-frequency power (0.15–0.4Hz) of RR interval variability were significantly lower in the UW/UN subjects (P<0.05) than in the NW/WN controls when expressed in absolute units, but not when the low- and high-frequency components were normalized for total power. Baroreflex sensitivity was similarly lower in the UW/UN group (P<0.05). Heart rate variability parameters in the UW/WN group were generally between those of the UW/UN and NW/WN groups, but were not statistically different from either. The mechanisms that contribute to the observed differences between undernourished and normal-weight groups, and the implications of these differences, remain to be elucidated.

Elevated heart rate variability in physically active postmenopausal women: a cardioprotective effect?

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (2) ◽  
pp. H455-H460 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Davy ◽  
N. L. Miniclier ◽  
J. A. Taylor ◽  
E. T. Stevenson ◽  
D. R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
High Frequency Power ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Frequency Power

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac sudden death (CSD) incidence accelerates after menopause, but the incidence is lower in physically active versus less active women. Low heart rate variability (HRV) is a risk factor for CHD and CSD. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that HRV at rest is greater in physically active compared with less active postmenopausal women. If true, we further hypothesized that the greater HRV in the physically active women would be closely associated with an elevated spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (SBRS). HRV (both time and frequency domain measures) and SBRS (sequence method) were measured during 5-min periods of controlled frequency breathing (15 breaths/min) in the supine, sitting, and standing postures in 9 physically active postmenopausal women (age = 53 +/- 1 yr) and 11 age-matched controls (age = 56 +/- 2 yr). Body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage were lower (P < 0.01) and maximal oxygen uptake was higher (P < 0.01) in the physically active group. The standard deviation of the R-R intervals (time domain measure) was higher in all postures in the active women (P < 0.05) as were the high-frequency, low-frequency, and total power of HRV. SBRS also was higher (P < 0.05) in the physically active women in all postures and accounted for approximately 70% of the variance in the high-frequency power of HRV (P < 0.05). The results of the present investigation indicate that physically active postmenopausal women demonstrate higher levels of HRV compared with age-matched, less active women. Furthermore, SBRS accounted for the majority of the variance in the high-frequency power of HRV, suggesting the possibility of a mechanistic link with cardiac vagal modulation of heart rate. Our findings may provide insight into a possible cardioprotective mechanism in physically active postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Effects of exercise on heart rate variability by time-domain, frequency-domain and non-linear analyses in equine athletes

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka Hou Christien Li ◽  
Rachel Wing Chuen Lai ◽  
Yimei Du ◽  
Vivian Ly ◽  
David Chun Yin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Term Fluctuation

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an intrinsic property that reflects autonomic balance and has been shown to be predictive of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. It can be altered by physiological states such as exercise or pathological conditions. However, there are only a handful of studies on HRV in horses. The aim of this study is to compare HRV parameters before and during exercise in horses. Methods: Time-domain, frequency-domain and non-linear analyses were applied to quantify time series data on RR intervals before and during exercise in horses (n=7). Results: Exercise increased heart rate from 44±8 to 113±17 bpm (ANOVA, P<0.05) and decreased standard deviation (SD) from 7±2 to 4±2 bpm, coefficient of variation (CoV) from 16±4% to 3±2% and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) from 89.4±91.5 to 6.5±3.7 ms. Contrastingly, no difference in low-frequency (0.10±0.03 vs. 0.09±0.03 Hz) and high-frequency (0.19±0.03 vs. 0.18±0.03 Hz) peaks, nor in their percentage powers (2±1 vs. 4±5%; 59±9 vs. 64±20%; 39±10 vs. 32±19%) were observed but very low-frequency, low-frequency, and high-frequency powers (ms2) were reduced from 29±17 to 2±5, 1138±372 to 22±22 and 860±564 to 9±6, respectively, as was total power (in logarithms) (7.52±0.52 to 3.25±0.73). Poincaré plots of RRn+1 against RRn revealed similar ellipsoid shapes before and after exercise. The SD along the line-of-identity (SD2) and SD perpendicular to the line-of-identity (SD1) were decreased by exercise (62±17 vs. 9±5 and 63±65 vs. 5±3), corresponding to increased SD2/SD1 ratio from 1.33±0.45 to 2.19±0.72. No change in approximate and sample entropy was detected (0.97±0.23 vs. 0.82±0.22 and 1.14±0.43 vs. 1.37±0.49). Detrended fluctuation analysis revealed unaltered short-term fluctuation slopes (0.76±0.27 vs. 1.18±0.55) but increased long-term fluctuation slopes (0.16±0.11 vs. 0.50±0.16) after exercise. Conclusion: Exercise leads to a decrease in HRV but did not affect signal entropy in horses.

scholarly journals Blood Pressure Variability and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Premature Newborns—An Effect of Postconceptional and Gestational Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Javorka ◽  
Katarina Haskova ◽  
Barbora Czippelova ◽  
Mirko Zibolen ◽  
Michal Javorka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Frequency Power

Introduction: Cardiovascular system is the vitally important system in the dynamical adaptation process of the newborns to the extrauterine environment. To reliably detect immaturity in the given organ system, it is crucial to study the development of the organ functions in relation to maturation process.Objectives: The objective was to determine the changes in the spontaneous short-term blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) reflecting various aspects of cardiovascular control during the process of maturation in preterm babies and to separate effects of gestational age and postnatal age.Methods: Thirty-three prematurely born infants without any signs of cardio-respiratory disorders (gestational age: 31.8, range: 27–36 weeks; birth weight: 1,704, range: 820–2,730 grams) were enrolled. Continuous peripheral blood pressure signal was obtained by non-invasive volume-clamp photoplethysmography method during supine rest. The recordings of 250 continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure values were processed by spectral analysis of BPV (assessed measures: total power, low frequency and high frequency powers of systolic BPV) and BRS calculation. For each infant we also assessed systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures, heart rate and respiratory rate.Results: With the postconceptional age, BPV measures decreased (for total power: Spearman correlation coefficient rs = −0.345, P = 0.049; for low frequency power: rs = −0.365, P = 0.037; for high frequency power rs = −0.349; P = 0.046); and BRS increased significantly (rs = 0.448, P = 0.009). The further analysis demonstrated that these effects were more attributable to gestational age than to postnatal age. BRS correlated negatively with BPV magnitude (rs = −0.479 to −0.592, P = 0.001–0.005). Mean blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased during maturation (rs = 0.517 and 0.537, P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) while heart rate and respiratory rate decreased (rs = −0.366 and −0.516, P = 0.036 and 0.002, respectively).Conclusion: We conclude that maturation process is accompanied by an increased involvement of baroreflex buffering of spontaneous short-term blood pressure oscillations. Gestational age plays a dominant role not only in BPV changes but also in BRS, mean blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate changes.

Effects of the Selective H1and H2Histamine Receptor Antagonists Loratadine and Ranitidine on Autonomic Control of the Heart

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nault ◽  
Brian Milne ◽  
Joel L. Parlow
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Cardiovascular Control ◽  
Autonomic Control ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonists ◽  
H2 Receptor

Background H1 and H2 histamine receptor subtypes are present throughout the heart and may be involved in disturbances of cardiac rhythm that occur during anaphylaxis. Although H1 and H2 receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of anaphylaxis, there have been reports implicating these drugs in the genesis of dysrhythmias. This study was designed to investigate the effects of the selective H1 and H2 receptor antagonists loratadine and ranitidine on physiologic autonomic control of the healthy cardiovascular system. Methods Using a double-blind, crossover design, 14 healthy volunteers completed the protocol and were randomized to receive one dose of loratadine (20 mg), ranitidine (300 mg), or placebo on each of three separate testing sessions. Continuous electrocardiogram and BP recordings were obtained before and 3 h after administration of study drug. Effects on cardiac autonomic control were quantified using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and calculation of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. Results Neither placebo nor loratadine significantly altered indices of autonomic cardiovascular control. Conversely, H2 antagonism with ranitidine resulted in a 23.3% decrease in baroreflex sensitivity (P &lt; 0.05) and a corresponding 25.0% decrease in the ratio of high frequency to total power of heart rate variability, both indices of parasympathetic modulation (P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, ranitidine evoked a concomitant 103.8% increase in the ratio of low to high frequency power of heart rate variability, an index of sympathetic control (P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions H1 receptor antagonism with loratadine does not influence physiologic cardiovascular control in young healthy subjects. However, the altered cardiac sympathovagal balance after oral administration of the H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine indicates a shift toward sympathetic predominance in heart rate control. The authors postulate that this could have implications regarding susceptibility to arrhythmias in conditions of heightened sympathetic stimulation.

scholarly journals Effect of short-term exposure to particulate air pollution on heart rate variability in normal-weight and obese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyi Li ◽  
Dayu Hu ◽  
Wenlou Zhang ◽  
Liyan Cui ◽  
Xu Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Frequency Power ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Particulate Air Pollution ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Frequency Power

Abstract Background The adverse effects of particulate air pollution on heart rate variability (HRV) have been reported. However, it remains unclear whether they differ by the weight status as well as between wake and sleep. Methods A repeated-measure study was conducted in 97 young adults in Beijing, China, and they were classified by body mass index (BMI) as normal-weight (BMI, 18.5–24.0 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2) groups. Personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) were measured with portable exposure monitors, and the ambient PM2.5/BC concentrations were obtained from the fixed monitoring sites near the subjects’ residences. HRV and heart rate (HR) were monitored by 24-h Holter electrocardiography. The study period was divided into waking and sleeping hours according to time-activity diaries. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the effects of PM2.5/BC on HRV and HR in both groups during wake and sleep. Results The effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5/BC on HRV were more pronounced among obese participants. In the normal-weight group, the positive association between personal PM2.5/BC exposure and high-frequency power (HF) as well as the ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power (LF/HF) was observed during wakefulness. In the obese group, personal PM2.5/BC exposure was negatively associated with HF but positively associated with LF/HF during wakefulness, whereas it was negatively correlated to total power and standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) during sleep. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in BC at 2-h moving average was associated with 37.64% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.03, 51.51%) increases in LF/HF during wakefulness and associated with 6.28% (95% CI: − 17.26, 6.15%) decreases in SDNN during sleep in obese individuals, and the interaction terms between BC and obesity in LF/HF and SDNN were both statistically significant (p <  0.05). The results also suggested that the effects of PM2.5/BC exposure on several HRV indices and HR differed in magnitude or direction between wake and sleep. Conclusions Short-term exposure to PM2.5/BC is associated with HRV and HR, especially in obese individuals. The circadian rhythm of HRV should be considered in future studies when HRV is applied. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The Influence ofNrf2on Cardiac Responses to Environmental Stressors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Howden ◽  
Eva Gougian ◽  
Marcus Lawrence ◽  
Samantha Cividanes ◽  
Wesley Gladwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Cardiac Responses

Nrf2protects the lung from adverse responses to oxidants, including 100% oxygen (hyperoxia) and airborne pollutants like particulate matter (PM) exposure, but the role ofNrf2on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) responses is not known. We hypothesized that genetic disruption ofNrf2would exacerbate murine HR and HRV responses to severe hyperoxia or moderate PM exposures.Nrf2-/-andNrf2+/+mice were instrumented for continuous ECG recording to calculate HR and HRV (low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and total power (TP)). Mice were then either exposed to hyperoxia for up to 72 hrs or aspirated with ultrafine PM (UF-PM). Compared to respective controls, UF-PM induced significantly greater effects on HR (P<0.001) and HF HRV (P<0.001) inNrf2-/-mice compared toNrf2+/+mice.Nrf2-/-mice tolerated hyperoxia significantly less thanNrf2+/+mice (~22 hrs;P<0.001). Reductions in HR, LF, HF, and TP HRV were also significantly greater inNrf2-/-compared toNrf2+/+mice (P<0.01). Results demonstrate thatNrf2deletion increases susceptibility to change in HR and HRV responses to environmental stressors and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to prevent cardiovascular alterations.

scholarly journals Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Reflex Tests for Assessment of Autonomic Functions in Preeclampsia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Chaswal ◽  
Raj Kapoor ◽  
Achla Batra ◽  
Savita Verma ◽  
Bhupendra S. Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflex ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflex Tests

Alterations in the autonomic cardiovascular control have been implicated to play an important etiologic role in preeclampsia. The present study was designed to evaluate autonomic functions in preeclamptic pregnant women and compare the values with normotensive pregnant and healthy nonpregnant controls. Assessment of autonomic functions was done by cardiovascular reflex tests and by analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Cardiovascular reflex tests included deep breathing test (DBT) and lying to standing test (LST). HRV was analyzed in both time and frequency domain for quantifying the tone of autonomic nervous system to the heart. The time domain measures included standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) and square root of mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD). In the frequency domain we measured total power (TP), high frequency (HF) power, low frequency (LF) power, and LF/HF ratio. Cardiovascular reflex tests showed a significant parasympathetic deficit in preeclamptic women. Among parameters of HRV, preeclamptic group had lower values of SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF, and LF (ms2) and higher value of LF in normalised units along with high LF/HF ratio compared to normotensive pregnant and nonpregnant controls. Furthermore, normotensive pregnant women had lower values of SDNN, TP, and LF component in both absolute power and normalised units compared to nonpregnant females. The results confirm that normal pregnancy is associated with autonomic disturbances which get exaggerated in the state of preeclampsia.

Increase in the Vagal Modulation by Acupuncture at Neiguan Point in the Healthy Subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Teng Huang ◽  
Gau-Yang Chen ◽  
Huey-Ming Lo ◽  
Jaung-Gang Lin ◽  
Yin-Shiung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sham Acupuncture ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Heart Rate Variability Analysis ◽  
High Frequency Power ◽  
Vagal Modulation ◽  
Frequency Power

Acupuncture at the Neiguan (P6) point has been shown to lessen nausea and vomiting which are related to vagal modulation. This study investigated whether acupuncture at the P6 point could improve vagal modulation by using heart rate variability analysis. We compared the heart rate variability measures of 39 subjects receiving acupuncture at the P6 point, 38 subjects receiving sham acupuncture, and 34 subjects receiving no treatment at all. The normalized high-frequency power was used as the index of vagal modulation, and the low-/high-frequency power ratio was used as the index of sympathovagal balance. The normalized high-frequency power after acupuncture increased significantly from 28.1±12.6 nu (mean±SD) to 30.7±14.1 nu in the P6 acupuncture group, but not in the sham acupuncture (30.6±13.7 nu versus 31.8±13.8 nu) or no-treatment group (30.1±15.0 nu versus 30.1±15.7 nu). In both the P6 and sham acupuncture groups, the mean RR interval (the intervals between consecutive R waves in the electrocardiogram) increased significantly after acupuncture. In the no-treatment group, there was no statistical difference in all heart rate variability measures in the initial and later sessions. In conclusion, acupuncture at the P6 point can increase vagal modulation of the subjects. This result may be helpful in the understanding of the mechanism underlying the effect of acupuncture or acupressure at P6 on the lessening of nausea and vomiting in clinic.

Differences in heart rate variability between Asian and Caucasian children living in the same Canadian community

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine E Reed ◽  
Darren E.R Warburton ◽  
Crystal L Whitney ◽  
Heather A McKay
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
High Frequency Power ◽  
Asian Children ◽  
Frequency Power

Heart rate variability (HRV) is an umbrella term for a variety of measures that assess autonomic influence on the heart. Reduced beat-to-beat variability is found in individuals with a variety of cardiac abnormalities. A reduced HRV positively correlates with obesity, poor aerobic fitness, and increasing age. Racial (black-white) differences are apparent in adults and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate (i) Asian-Caucasian differences in HRV and (ii) differences in HRV between girls and boys. Sixty-two children (30 male (15 Caucasian, 15 Asian) and 32 female (15 Caucasian, 17 Asians)) with a mean age of 10.3 ± 0.6 y underwent 5 min resting HRV recording, fitness testing (Leger's 20 m shuttle), and self-assessed maturity. Outcome HRV measures were a ratio of low to high frequency power (LF:HF), standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDRR) and root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD). Data were compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). There were no race or sex differences for time domain variables, mean R-R, body mass index, or blood pressure. Compared with Caucasian children, Asian children displayed a higher adjusted (fitness, R-R interval) LF:HF ratio (72.9 ± 59.4 vs. 120.6 ± 85.3, p < 0.05). Girls demonstrated a higher adjusted LF:HF power than boys (117.2 ± 85.1 vs. 76.6 ± 62.4, p = < 0.05). In conclusion, Asian and Caucasian children display different frequency domain components of heart rate variability.Key words: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic, vagal, race, aerobic fitness, sex.

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