Early programming of weight gain in mice prevents the induction of obesity by a highly palatable diet

Poor early growth is associated with Type II diabetes, hypertension and other features of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. It has been suggested that this results from the development of a thrifty phenotype by a malnourished fetus. Such a phenotype would predispose the offspring to the development of obesity if born into conditions of over-nutrition. The present study aimed to determine if early nutrition affected subsequent development of obesity. Mice were established as follows: (a) controls (offspring of control dams), (b) recuperated (offspring of dams fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy, but nursed by control dams) and (c) postnatal low-protein (offspring of control dams nursed by low-protein-fed dams). Mice were weaned on to standard laboratory chow or a cafeteria diet. Recuperated offspring, although smaller at birth (P<0.01), caught up and exceeded the weight of control offspring by 7 days of age (P<0.001). Postnatal low-protein offspring were smaller than controls by 7 days of age (P<0.001). Recuperated animals gained more weight than controls when given free access to a highly palatable diet (P<0.01). Postnatal low-protein animals showed no additional weight gain when given a highly palatable diet compared with chow-fed litter-mates. These results suggest that the early environment has long-term consequences for weight gain. These programmed responses are powerful enough to block excess weight gain from a highly palatable diet and, thus, have major implications for the drug-free regulation of food intake and obesity.

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Corrigendum to: IGF-I is not a useful marker for nutritional status in the growing pig under commercial conditions

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar00096_co ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 791

Author(s):

L. Ma ◽

F. R. Dunshea ◽

Y. M. Brockwell ◽

R. L. Inglis ◽

D. J. Kingston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

Igf I ◽

Protein Diets

Plasma hormone concentrations were measured in gilts after fasting, long-term protein restriction, or supplementation. In 11-week-old pigs fasted overnight, plasma insulin, glucagon, gastrin, urea, and glucose were increased 30 min after re-feeding (P < 0.05), whereas IGF-I did not change. In 16-week-old gilts fed a standard commercial diet [14.6% crude protein (CP)], or a high-protein diet (16.7% CP) for 4 weeks, the high-protein diet increased weight gain (13%; P < 0.05) and carcass weight (4%; P < 0.05), but did not alter plasma IGF-I, insulin, or glucagon. In 10-week-old gilts fed high-protein diets (19.4% and 18.3% CP), or low-protein diets (15.5% and 13.3% CP) for 12 weeks during the grower and finisher phases, respectively, the low-protein diet decreased weight gain (18%; P < 0.001) and carcass weight (11%; P < 0.01), with a marked increase in plasma glucagon (P < 0.05), no change in insulin, and only a trend towards decreased IGF-I (P = 0.1). The pigs were more sensitive to altered dietary protein at 10 weeks of age than at 16 weeks. Plasma IGF-I was not responsive to the short-term effects of feeding or the long-term effects of dietary protein. Glucagon could provide a useful marker for nutritional status in young pigs, provided that time of feeding is taken into account.

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Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome Risk Is Increased with Higher Infancy Weight Gain and Decreased with Longer Breast Feeding

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2012/478610 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Kim Khuc ◽

Estela Blanco ◽

Raquel Burrows ◽

Marcela Reyes ◽

Marcela Castillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Age Groups ◽

Sole Source ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Early Infant ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Infant Weight Gain

Background. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increasing in pediatric age groups worldwide. Meeting the criteria for the metabolic syndrome puts children at risk for later cardiovascular and metabolic disease.Methods. Using linear regression, we examined the association between infant weight gain from birth to 3 months and risk for the metabolic syndrome among 16- to 17-year-old Chilean adolescents (n=357), accounting for the extent of breastfeeding in infancy and known covariates including gender, birth weight, and socioeconomic status.Results. Participants were approximately half male (51%), born at 40 weeks of gestation weighing 3.5 kg, and 48% were exclusively breastfed for≥90days. Factors independently associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adolescence were faster weight gain in the first 3 months of life (B=0.16,P<0.05) and male gender (B=0.24,P<0.05). Breastfeeding as the sole source of milk for≥90days was associated with significantly decreased risk of metabolic syndrome (B=−0.16).Conclusion. This study adds to current knowledge about early infant growth and breastfeeding and their long-term health effects.

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IGF-I is not a useful marker for nutritional status in the growing pig under commercial conditions

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar00096 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 603

Author(s):

L. Ma ◽

F. R. Dunshea ◽

Y. M. Brockwell ◽

R. L. Inglis ◽

D. J. Kingston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

Igf I ◽

Protein Diets

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Long-term physiological and behavioral effects of exposure to a highly palatable diet during the perinatal and post-weaning periods

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.07.018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 494-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Uri Shalev ◽

Alana Tylor ◽

Kristin Schuster ◽

Claudia Frate ◽

Stephanie Tobin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Effects ◽

Palatable Diet ◽

Highly Palatable Diet

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Developmental programming of energy balance and the metabolic syndrome

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665107005447 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 198-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Elizabeth C. Cottrell ◽

Susan E. Ozanne

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Early Growth ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The World ◽

Global Health Problem

The increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in numerous populations throughout the world is currently of major concern, and presents a huge global health problem. The link between low birth weight and the subsequent development of obesity, disrupted glucose homeostasis and hypertension is now well established, and there is extensive evidence supporting these associations in both epidemiological and experimental studies. Alterations in the secretion of, and responses to, the circulating hormones insulin and leptin are likely candidates in terms of disease development. The aim of current research is to define how the central and peripheral pathways in which these signals exert their effects may be disrupted following poor early growth, and how this disruption contributes to the development of metabolic disease. The present review aims to outline the existing evidence whereby alterations in early growth may programme an individual to be at increased risk of the metabolic syndrome. The development of central appetite and expenditure circuits and of peripheral metabolic tissues, are likely to play a key role in the long-term regulation of energy balance.

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Endogenous hypercortisolism in the patient with obesity: the cause or a competing disorder

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/omet2016157-61 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 57-61

Author(s):

Zhanna E. Belaya ◽

Aleksandr V. Vorontsov ◽

Aleksandr V. Il'in ◽

Andrey Y. Grigor'ev ◽

Lyudmila Y. Rozhinskaya

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽

Adrenal Tumors ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Neurosurgical Treatment

Endogenous hypercortisolism (EH) is a rare endocrine disorder, one of the most frequent manifestations of which is obesity. Due to the high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and the similarity of the clinical manifestations, EH may remain undiagnosed. However, prompt diagnosis and treatment can effectively promote complete cure of the patient. We describe the clinical case of a patient К., 58 years old, who suffered from morbid obesity, diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension and dyslipidemia. The CT examination revealed bilateral adrenal incidentalomas. The further follow-up let us to establish Cushing's disease. The adrenal tumors in this case may be the results of a long-term stimulation of the adrenal glands by ACTH. There is a possibility that the first manifestation of the disease began at the age of 30 years after the second pregnancy, when she observed weight gain and poorly controlled hypertension. When remission was achieved after neurosurgical treatment, we could observe significant improvements (reduction in body weight of 10 kg, improved glucose levels), but without the full normalization of all complications and symptoms.Conclusion: EH may cause the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome or significantly exacerbate its course. In cases of doubt, weight gain and poorly controlled manifestations of metabolic syndrome screening is justified to exclude EH.

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