The Need for Aggressive Pursuit of Healthy Childhood Voices

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel C. Kahane ◽  
Robert Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Early Identification ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Aggressive Management ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Current Incidence

In this paper we argue for the aggressive management of voice disorders. Aggressive management includes early identification, prevention, and treatment of voice disorders. The argument for aggressive management is supported by current incidence trends, laryngologists' expectations, and the benefits of prevention programs.

An Orientation to Implementation Science in Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Chambers ◽  
Wynne E. Norton ◽  
Cynthia A. Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Implementation Science ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Subject

THE ROOTS of implementation science (IS) in cancer in some sense date back to the earliest days of uncovering cancer’s etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, although it was not called that. Indeed, unlocking the mysteries of cancer and determining effective ways to intervene began not in the lab but, rather, the clinic. As Mukherjee recounted in the seminal work, The Emperor of All Maladies, 1 cancer had been the subject of clinical examination for centuries, and the drive to optimize care began in those early days. As opposed to the largely separate worlds of research discovery and care delivery that exist today, scientific research and cancer treatment coexisted. In addition, epidemiologic observations of risk factors affecting oncogenesis developed targets for what types of prevention programs needed to be implemented. Naturally, the challenges of what exactly to implement and how best to implement have been with us throughout time.

Development and Response of Materially-Nonlinear, Multi-Layer Synthetic Models of the Human Vocal Folds

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Drechsel ◽  
Jacob B. Munger ◽  
Allyson A. Pulsipher ◽  
Scott L. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Flow Induced Vibrations ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Normal Speech

The human vocal folds are responsible for sound production during normal speech, and a study of their flow-induced vibrations can lead to improved prevention and treatment of voice disorders. However, studying the vocal folds in vivo or using excised larynges has several disadvantages. Therefore, alternatives exist using either synthetic (physical) and/or computational vocal fold models. In order to be physiologically relevant, the behavior and properties of these models must reasonably match those of the human vocal folds.

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Vascular and Mixed Dementias

2013 ◽  
pp. 900-903
Author(s):  
Helena Chang Chui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alzheimer Pathology

This chapter addresses five common questions surrounding vascular cognitive impairment (VCI): pathogenesis, diagnostic accuracy, incidence and prevalence, relationship between VBI and Alzheimer disease (AD), and prevention/treatment. Although vascular cognitive impairment is considered to be the second most common form of cognitive impairment and dementia in late life, it can be argued that public health emphasis should be placed more on the prevention and treatment of vascular brain injury (VBI), which for example may be detectable by MR imaging. We review the historical syndromes and current diagnostic criteria, which have focused on defining various subtypes of VCI and have influenced estimates of incidence and prevalence. Recent neuropathological studies have highlighted the frequent concurrence of Alzheimer pathology and VBI in late life. Converging evidence suggests that AD and VBI impose differential but additive deleterious effects on cognitive function. The field is moving increasingly to earlier detection of the brain at risk using MR imaging, as well as to the early identification and treatment of vascular risk factors.

scholarly journals The Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Individuals With Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome and Early Psychosis: Support for the 5 Consensus Domains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing Chung Chang ◽  
Gregory P Strauss ◽  
Anthony O Ahmed ◽  
Sandra C Y Wong ◽  
Joe K N Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Abstract Negative symptoms are prevalent in the prodromal and first-episode phases of psychosis and highly predictive of poor clinical outcomes (eg, liability for conversion and functioning). However, the latent structure of negative symptoms is unclear in the early phases of illness. Determining the latent structure of negative symptoms in early psychosis (EP) is of critical importance for early identification, prevention, and treatment efforts. In the current study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate latent structure in relation to 4 theoretically derived models: 1. a 1-factor model, 2. a 2-factor model with expression (EXP) and motivation and pleasure (MAP) factors, 3. a 5-factor model with separate factors for the 5 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) consensus development conference domains (blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, and asociality), and 4. a hierarchical model with 2 second-order factors reflecting EXP and MAP, as well as 5 first-order factors reflecting the 5 consensus domains. Participants included 164 individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) who met the criteria for a prodromal syndrome and 377 EP patients who were rated on the Brief Negative Symptom Scale. Results indicated that the 1- and 2-factor models provided poor fit for the data. The 5-factor and hierarchical models provided excellent fit, with the 5-factor model outperforming the hierarchical model. These findings suggest that similar to the chronic phase of schizophrenia, the latent structure of negative symptom is best conceptualized in relation to the 5 consensus domains in the CHR and EP populations. Implications for early identification, prevention, and treatment are discussed.

Vocal Abuse Prevention Practices

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne P. McNamara ◽  
Cecyle K. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Abuse Prevention ◽  
Elementary Grades ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
School Based ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Low Incidence

A national survey of school-based speech-language pathologists was conducted to assess current practices regarding prevention of functional voice disorders. More than 80% of the 145 respondents did not have vocal abuse prevention programs primarily because of time constraints and the low incidence/low priority they assigned to voice problems. Twenty-seven speech-language pathologists had vocal abuse/misuse programs for groups of asymptomatic and symptomatic children who were primarily in the elementary grades. Positive attitudes about the quality of training received in prevention and treatment of voice disorders, belief in the importance and effectiveness of voice prevention, and belief that hoarseness is caused by vocal misuse/abuse were associated with those who had voice prevention programs.

Preliminary Findings on Self-Reported Voice Disorders in Urban Ghana: A Qualitative Description Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Clement Amponsah ◽  
Godwin Tettevi ◽  
Leticia Gomado ◽  
Alicia Heitzman ◽  
Aaron Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Early Identification ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Language Therapist ◽  
Care Access ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Voice Problem

This preliminary qualitative description study explored knowledge from urban Ghanaians about the nature and impact of their self-reported voice problem. Ten Ghanaians were screened for a self-reported voice disorder using the Voice Handicap Index–10 (VHI-10), and they also completed a structured interview with a speech-language therapist. Content analysis was completed from interview responses using quantification of data. Four out of 10 adult Ghanaians demonstrated high VHI-10 scores that indicated a self-reported voice disorder. Themes that emerged included a recurring problem with voice, multiple vocal impairments, limitations with participating in vocal activities, and other health problems. Lack of financial resources and little knowledge about voice disorders were barriers to accessing care. In summary, four adult Ghanaians with a self-reported voice disorder described multiple problems with their voice, limiting their participation in vocal activities. Implications of these preliminary findings include early identification and improving voice care access to avoid handicapping voice problems.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR COUNTERMEASURE OF SPREAD OF SOCIALLY IMPORTANT INFECTIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-396
Author(s):  
A. N. Barinova ◽  
O. G. Khurtsilava ◽  
S. L. Plavinskii
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention programs aimed at the prevention of the spread of socially important infections on example of HIV infection, as well to express it in units permitting the comparison with other fields of health care and to compare with to expenses for the prevention and treatment of sequelae of infection. Materials and methods. Results of the panel study, executed in 2006-2013 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation in HIV infection risk groups (4 waves). The total number of participants is 9891. Study protocol included detailed survey of risk behavior, involvement in prevention programs and HIV testing. Obtained data were used for the assessment of the change of the morbidity rate as a result of prevention and calibration of the dynamic (Markov) model of the effect of the prevention on the length of quality-adjusted life and treatment cost. Expenses for the prevention were estimated from field reports of prevention projects. Results. Programs for the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections, first of all HIV-infections, among injecting drug users result in the significant decrease in HIV incidence. The assessment of the effect of the prevention within framework of the multivariable model shows odds ratio to be of 0.56 (95% CI=0.40-0.78). This relative reduction corresponds to the decline of the absolute incidence from 3.98 per 100 person per year in the group of persons who was not involved in prevention programs (95% CI=3.37-4.69) to 2.22 per 100 person per year (95% CI=1.89-2.62) among participants. Such effect of the prevention leads to the increase in quality-adjusted life-years per each person (QALY=0.23, 95% CI=0.10-0.37), and the saving of budget cost by 226 thousand rubles (95% CI=209,6 - 822,2 thousand rubles). With the use of more pessimistic assumptions in relation to expenses for the prevention and treatment, the cost per quality-adjusted life per year failed to surpass the threshold of society’s willingness to pay for health technology, with demonstrating high cost-effectiveness of investing in the prevention. Conclusion. Programs of the comprehensive prevention of socially important infections in the Russian Federation have significant effectiveness and under most plausible assumptions are cost-saving. For the solution the problem of financing preventive measures it is necessary to apply the same principles of health technology assessment as it is done is the area of drug coverage.

A Clinical Study of Twenty-seven Children Exhibiting Functional Hearing Loss

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. McCanna ◽  
Giacinto DeLapa
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Upper Elementary ◽  
Elementary Grades ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Hearing Problem

This report reviews 27 cases of children exhibiting functional hearing loss. The study reveals that most students were in the upper elementary grades and were predominantly females. These subjects were functioning below their ability level in school and were usually in conflict with school, home, or peers. Tests used were selected on the basis of their helping to provide early identification. The subjects' oral and behavioral responses are presented, as well as ways of resolving the hearing problem. Some helpful counseling techniques are also presented.

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