scholarly journals Verbal Response Inhibition in Adults Who Stutter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shanley B. Treleaven ◽  
Geoffrey A. Coalson
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Inhibition Ability

Purpose Adults who stutter (AWS) often attempt, with varying degrees of success, to suppress their stuttered speech. The ability to effectively suppress motoric behavior after initiation relies on executive functions such as nonselective inhibition. Although previous studies found that AWS were slower to inhibit manual, button-press response than adults who do not stutter (AWNS), research has yet to confirm a consistent relationship between manual and verbal inhibition. No study has examined verbal inhibition ability in AWS. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to compare verbal response inhibition between AWS and AWNS, and compare verbal response inhibition to both the overt stuttering and the lived experience of stuttering. Method Thirty-four adults (17 AWNS, 17 AWS) completed one manual and three verbal stop-signal tasks. AWS were assessed for stuttering severity (Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition: SSI-4) and experience with stuttering (Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience With Stuttering [OASES]). Results Results indicate no correlation between manual and verbal inhibition for either group. Generalized linear mixed-model analyses suggested no significant group differences in manual or verbal inhibition. Manual and verbal inhibition did not predict SSI-4 in AWS. However, verbal inhibition was uniquely associated with OASES scores. Conclusion Although underlying manual and verbal inhibition was comparable between AWS and AWNS, verbal inhibition may be linked to the adverse experience of stuttering rather than the overt symptoms of stuttering severity. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15145185

Effects of Neurocognitive Temporal Training on Weapon Firing Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-959
Author(s):  
Leah R. Enders ◽  
Gary L. Boykin ◽  
Valerie J. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Accuracy Measure ◽  
Group A ◽  
Army Service

While marksmanship is a critical skill for military personnel, some service members experience difficulty in attaining and maintaining marksmanship qualifications. Temporal training may improve marksmanship performance, since rhythm and timing are critical for coordinated movement. In this study, we examined the effect of neurocognitive temporal training (NTT) on military personnel’s marksmanship performance. We randomly assigned 41 active duty U.S. Army service members with prior marksmanship training into an NTT group that received 12 NTT training sessions ( N = 18) and a Control group ( N = 23) that received no NTT training. We measured marksmanship at baseline (pretest) and following either NTT (posttest) or, for the Control group, a comparable time period. We quantified marksmanship during 2 tasks of firing 5 self-paced shots at stationary 175 m and 300 m targets (Task 1) and firing at 50 moving and stationary targets of varying distances (Task 2). We recorded three measures of accuracy and three measures of precision (including Total Path Length, a unique measure quantifying shot-to-shot variability) for the first task, and we recorded one accuracy measure for the second task. To determine group differences for pretest versus posttest, we used multivariate analysis of variances for Task 1 and a mixed-model analysis of variance for Task 2. Results revealed significantly reduced variability and improved precision when firing at the 175 m target for the NTT group compared with the Control group ( p < .05), but there were no significant group differences on other measures. While these results suggest the utility of neurocognitive timing and rhythm training for marksmanship precision, additional research is needed and should include varied training regimens, comparisons of expert versus novice shooters, additional outcome measures, and a larger participant sample.

scholarly journals Explicit and Implicit Verbal Response Inhibition in Preschool-Age Children Who Stutter

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie D. Anderson ◽  
Stacy A. Wagovich
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Preschool Age Children ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine (a) explicit and implicit verbal response inhibition in preschool children who do stutter (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) and (b) the relationship between response inhibition and language skills. Method Participants were 41 CWS and 41 CWNS between the ages of 3;1 and 6;1 (years;months). Explicit verbal response inhibition was measured using a computerized version of the grass–snow task (Carlson & Moses, 2001), and implicit verbal response inhibition was measured using the baa–meow task. Main dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy. Results The CWS were significantly less accurate than the CWNS on the implicit task, but not the explicit task. The CWS also exhibited slower reaction times than the CWNS on both tasks. Between-group differences in performance could not be attributed to working memory demands. Overall, children's performance on the inhibition tasks corresponded with parents' perceptions of their children's inhibition skills in daily life. Conclusions CWS are less effective and efficient than CWNS in suppressing a dominant response while executing a conflicting response in the verbal domain.

Veridical and False Recall in Adults Who Stutter

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney T. Byrd ◽  
Li Sheng ◽  
Nan Bernstein Ratner ◽  
Zoi Gkalitsiou
Keyword(s):  
Recall Performance ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
False Recall ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
List Type ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Critical Lure ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Subvocal Rehearsal

Purpose This study used a false memory paradigm to explore the veridical and false recall of adults who stutter. Method Twelve adults who stutter and 12 age-matched typically fluent peers listened to and then verbally recalled lists of words that consisted of either semantic or phonological associates or an equal number of semantic and phonological associates (i.e., hybrid condition) of a single, unpresented critical “lure” word. Three parameters of recall performance were measured across these 3 conditions: (a) number of accurately recalled words, (b) order of recall (primacy vs. recency effect), and (c) number of critical lures produced (i.e., false memories). Results Significant group differences were noted in recall accuracy specific to list type and also list position as well as relative to critical lure productions. Conclusions Results suggest that certain basic memory processes (i.e., recency effect) and the processing of gist semantic information are largely intact in adults who stutter, but recall of verbatim phonological information and subvocal rehearsal may be deficient.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a structured skills training group for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomised controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Meyer ◽  
Mia Ramklint ◽  
Maria Unenge Hallerbäck ◽  
Måns Lööf ◽  
Johan Isaksson
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Skills Training Group

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is associated with behavioural, emotional and interpersonal problems, and non-pharmacological treatments targeting these difficulties have been requested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptance of an age-adapted structured skills training group (SSTG) for adolescents with ADHD. Adolescents (n = 184, ages 15–18 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD were randomly assigned to either the SSTG, which is based on dialectical behavioural therapy, or an active control group based on psychoeducation. Symptoms of ADHD, behavioural and emotional problems, functional impairment, and health-related outcomes were assessed with self-ratings and parental ratings two weeks before, two weeks after, and six months after treatment. All participants who completed the pre-treatment measurements (n = 164) were included in the main analyses, which were conducted using a linear mixed model. Our results demonstrated no significant group differences in favour of the SSTG for any of the study outcomes. A majority of the participants in both groups reported that they had increased their knowledge about ADHD, improved their ability to manage problems related to the diagnosis, and would recommend the treatment to others. We conclude that the SSTG seems to be acceptable for adolescents with ADHD in a clinical context. However, the treatment was not proved to be more effective or more acceptable than the psychoeducational control intervention.Trial registration: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17366720,11/05/2016, retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Featured Article: Behavior Interventions Addressing Obesity in Rural Settings: The E-FLIP for Kids Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 889-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Janicke ◽  
Crystal S Lim ◽  
Michael G Perri ◽  
Anne E Mathews ◽  
Linda B Bobroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Child Body Mass Index ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Family Based

Abstract Objective To assess the effectiveness of behavioral parent-only (PO) and family-based (FB) interventions on child weight, dietary intake, glycated hemoglobin, and quality of life in rural settings. Methods This study was a three-armed, randomized controlled trial. Participants were children (age 8–12 years) with overweight or obesity and their parents. A FB (n = 88), a PO (n = 78) and a health education condition (HEC) (n = 83) each included 20 group contacts over 1 year. Assessment and treatment contacts occurred at Cooperative Extension Service offices. The main outcome was change in child body mass index z-score (BMIz) from baseline to year 2. Results Parents in all conditions reported high treatment satisfaction (mean of 3.5 or higher on a 4-point scale). A linear mixed model analysis of change in child BMIz from baseline to year 1 and year 2 found that there were no significant group by time differences in child BMIz (year 2 change in BMIz for FB = −0.03 [−0.1, 0.04], PO = −0.01 [−0.08, 0.06], and HEC = −0.09 [−0.15, −0.02]). While mean attendance across conditions was satisfactory during months 1–4 (69%), it dropped during the maintenance phase (42%). High attendance for the PO intervention was related to greater changes in child BMIz (p < .02). Numerous barriers to participation were reported. Conclusion Many barriers exist that inhibit regular attendance at in-person contacts for many families. Innovative delivery strategies are needed that balance treatment intensity with feasibility and acceptability to families and providers to facilitate broad dissemination in underserved rural settings. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01820338.

Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Retreat on Distress and Well-Being in Bereaved Parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 770-782
Author(s):  
Kara Thieleman ◽  
Joanne Cacciatore
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Bereaved Parents ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a grief-focused mindfulness-based retreat on psychological distress (trauma, anxiety, and depression) and well-being (mindfulness and self-compassion) in bereaved parents. Method: A quasi-experimental design with two nonequivalent groups (intervention, comparison) and three observations was used. Results: Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions in distress at posttest in the intervention group, with significant group differences on four of the seven scales. While reductions were maintained at follow-up, group differences were only significant for one trauma subscale. The intervention group showed significant increases in two of the four mindfulness facets (describe and act with awareness) and self-compassion at posttest, although group differences were not significant and gains were not maintained at follow-up. A third mindfulness facet, nonjudge, increased significantly at follow-up, with significant group differences. Discussion: This approach shows promise for reducing some areas of distress and improving the nonjudging mindfulness facet in bereaved parents.

scholarly journals Impact of Be EPIC on Person-Centered Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 575-575
Author(s):  
Marie Savundranayagam ◽  
Kristine Williams ◽  
Shalane Basque ◽  
Joseph Orange ◽  
Marita Kloseck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study assessed the impact of Be EPIC, a dementia-focused, person-centered communication intervention for personal support workers (PSWs). Video-recorded conversations between PSWs and simulated persons with dementia assessed whether Be EPIC participants (n=13) (versus a wait-list control group, n=8) reported a greater proportion of person-centered communication utterances (recognition, negotiation, facilitation, validation). We used linear mixed model analysis to investigate if Be EPIC influenced PSWs’ person-centered communication. Group (Be EPIC versus control group), time (pre-, post-, and 3-months) and their interaction were included in the model. There was a significant group by time interaction. Follow-up tests showed that participants who took Be EPIC showed significant increases in person-centered utterances from pre- to post-training and pre-training to 3 months later. Participants in the control group showed no changes in person-centered communication. These findings show that Be EPIC enhanced person-centered communication, which is essential for quality of care.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Behavioral and emotional differences between children of divorce and children from intact families: Clinical significance and mediating processes *This study is part of a dissertation () supported from the German research community.

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schick
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Children Of Divorce ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Intact Families ◽  
Divorce Adjustment ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
German Research ◽  
Clinically Significant

The following study is based on a sample of 241 9-13-year-old children (66 children from divorced parents, 175 children from non divorced parents). They were examined for differences regarding anxiety, self-esteem, different areas of competence, and degree of behavior problems. With a focus on the children’s experiences, the clinically significant differences were examined. Clinically significant differences, revealing more negative outcomes for the children of divorce, were only found for social anxiety and unstable performance. The frequency of clinical significant differences was independent of the length of time the parents had been separated. The perceived destructiveness of conflict between the parents one of four facets of interparental conflict in this study functioned as a central mediator of the statistically significant group differences. The children’s perception of the father’s social support was a less reliable indicator of variance. Further studies should try to make underlying theoretical assumptions about the effects of divorce more explicit, to distinguish clearly between mediating variables, and to investigate them with respect to specific divorce adjustment indicators.

Analyzing discontinuities in longitudinal count data: A multilevel generalized linear mixed model.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Sarah J. Beal ◽  
Meghan E. McGrady ◽  
Michael D. Toland ◽  
Constance Mara
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Longitudinal Count Data
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document