Behavioral and emotional differences between children of divorce and children from intact families: Clinical significance and mediating processes *This study is part of a dissertation () supported from the German research community.

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schick
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Children Of Divorce ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Intact Families ◽  
Divorce Adjustment ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
German Research ◽  
Clinically Significant

The following study is based on a sample of 241 9-13-year-old children (66 children from divorced parents, 175 children from non divorced parents). They were examined for differences regarding anxiety, self-esteem, different areas of competence, and degree of behavior problems. With a focus on the children’s experiences, the clinically significant differences were examined. Clinically significant differences, revealing more negative outcomes for the children of divorce, were only found for social anxiety and unstable performance. The frequency of clinical significant differences was independent of the length of time the parents had been separated. The perceived destructiveness of conflict between the parents one of four facets of interparental conflict in this study functioned as a central mediator of the statistically significant group differences. The children’s perception of the father’s social support was a less reliable indicator of variance. Further studies should try to make underlying theoretical assumptions about the effects of divorce more explicit, to distinguish clearly between mediating variables, and to investigate them with respect to specific divorce adjustment indicators.

Predictors of Treatment Outcomes and Adherence in Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety in China (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijing Chen ◽  
Marcus A. Rodriguez ◽  
Mingyi Qian ◽  
Tomoko Kishimoto ◽  
Muyu Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Adherence ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Online Interventions ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Clinically Significant

BACKGROUND More research is needed to explore why some patients do not achieve clinically significant improvement in online interventions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with treatment attrition, adherence and outcomes in Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) for social anxiety in China. METHODS Participants were assigned to either therapist-guided ICBT (N=183) or self-guided ICBT (N=72) groups. RESULTS No significant group differences were found for treatment adherence or outcomes between the therapist-guided and self-guided conditions. Participants diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) were significantly less likely to dropout (OR 0.531, P = .03) compared to the subclinical group. Older participants (B = 0.17, SE = 0.04, P = .008) and participants with a diagnosis of SAD (B = 0.16, SE = 0.44, P = .01) tended to complete more modules. Participants who completed more modules (B = 0.24, SE = 0.03, P = .01) and participants who identified as female (B = -0.20, SE = 0.18, P = .04) reported greater reductions in SAD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive theoretical model of treatment adherence in online interventions is needed.

Children of Divorce and its Effect on Their Self-Esteem

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa K. Bynum ◽  
Mark W. Durm
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Children Of Divorce ◽  
Divorced Families ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Intact Families ◽  
Relationship Of

The purpose was to investigate the temporal relationship of divorce with self-esteem of children and to assess differences in self-esteem, if any, between children of divorced families and children of intact families. The self-esteem of 60 children in Grade 9 and from divorced homes was measured using the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. There was no significant positive correlation between the passage of time and higher self-esteem among these children. Independent t tests were then computed using the inventory scores of 60 students in Grade 9 from homes with both parents and the 60 from homes of divorced parents. Significant differences in self-esteem were found between the two groups.

Predictors of treatment outcomes and adherence in internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303
Author(s):  
Huijing Chen ◽  
Marcus A. Rodriguez ◽  
Mingyi Qian ◽  
Tomoko Kishimoto ◽  
Muyu Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Treatment Adherence ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Therapist Support

AbstractBackground:Although internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve clinically significant improvement. More research is needed to identify which factors predict treatment adherence and outcomes.Aims:The aims of this study were to (1) identify demographic and clinical factors associated with treatment adherence and outcomes in ICBT for social anxiety in China, and (2) explore whether low-intensity therapist support results in improved treatment adherence or outcomes.Method:Participants were assigned to either therapist-guided (N = 183) or self-guided ICBT (N = 72). Level of social anxiety was measured at both pre- and post-treatment. Treatment adherence and outcomes were analysed using a two-step linear and logistic regression approach. Clinical and demographic characteristics were examined.Results:No significant group differences were found for treatment adherence or outcomes between the therapist-guided and self-guided conditions. Participants diagnosed with SAD were significantly less likely to drop out (OR 0.531, p = .03) compared with subclinical participants with social anxiety symptoms. Older participants (B = 0.17, SE = 0.04, p = .008) and participants with a diagnosis of SAD (B = 0.16, SE = 0.44, p = .01) tended to complete more modules. Participants who completed more modules (B = 0.24, SE = 0.03, p = .01) and participants who identified as female (B = –0.20, SE = 0.18, p = .04) reported greater reductions in SAD symptoms.Conclusions:Understanding of factors related to adherence and outcome is necessary to prevent drop-out and optimize outcome.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

scholarly journals Effects of aging on emotion recognition from dynamic multimodal expressions and vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana S. Cortes ◽  
Christina Tornberg ◽  
Tanja Bänziger ◽  
Hillary Anger Elfenbein ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractAge-related differences in emotion recognition have predominantly been investigated using static pictures of facial expressions, and positive emotions beyond happiness have rarely been included. The current study instead used dynamic facial and vocal stimuli, and included a wider than usual range of positive emotions. In Task 1, younger and older adults were tested for their abilities to recognize 12 emotions from brief video recordings presented in visual, auditory, and multimodal blocks. Task 2 assessed recognition of 18 emotions conveyed by non-linguistic vocalizations (e.g., laughter, sobs, and sighs). Results from both tasks showed that younger adults had significantly higher overall recognition rates than older adults. In Task 1, significant group differences (younger > older) were only observed for the auditory block (across all emotions), and for expressions of anger, irritation, and relief (across all presentation blocks). In Task 2, significant group differences were observed for 6 out of 9 positive, and 8 out of 9 negative emotions. Overall, results indicate that recognition of both positive and negative emotions show age-related differences. This suggests that the age-related positivity effect in emotion recognition may become less evident when dynamic emotional stimuli are used and happiness is not the only positive emotion under study.

Standardised ginseng extract G115® potentiates the antidepressant-like properties of fluoxetine in the forced swim test

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Terstege ◽  
Debra S. MacDonald ◽  
R. Andrew Tasker
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Plus Maze

Abstract Objective: Ginsenosides, biologically active components of the root of Panax ginseng, have been reported to have therapeutic benefits in a number of disease states including psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. Our objective was to determine if a standardised commercial ginseng extract, G115®, could reduce the signs of behavioural despair commonly observed in animal models of depression either alone or in combination with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (N = 51) were divided into four groups: vehicle control, G115® ginseng root extract, fluoxetine and fluoxetine plus G115®. Rats were trained to voluntarily consume treatments twice daily for 14 days and were then tested in an open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST). Post-mortem hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissue was analysed for expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) by western blot. Results: One-way Analysis of Variance revealed no significant group differences in the OF or plus-maze performance on any variable examined. In the FST, fluoxetine significantly reduced immobility time and increased latency to immobility. The effects of fluoxetine were further significantly potentiated by co-administration of G115®. Post-mortem tissue analysis revealed significant group differences in BDNF expression in the left hippocampus and left prefrontal cortex without any accompanying changes in TrkB expression. Conclusions: We conclude that oral G115® significantly potentiates the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine in the FST in the absence of potentially confounding effects on locomotion and anxiety.

scholarly journals Behavioural Measures of Infant Activity but Not Attention Associate with Later Preschool ADHD Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Amy Goodwin ◽  
Alexandra Hendry ◽  
Luke Mason ◽  
Tessel Bazelmans ◽  
Jannath Begum Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Child Behaviour ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Early Interventions ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
Infant Attention

Mapping infant neurocognitive differences that precede later ADHD-related behaviours is critical for designing early interventions. In this study, we investigated (1) group differences in a battery of measures assessing aspects of attention and activity level in infants with and without a family history of ADHD or related conditions (ASD), and (2) longitudinal associations between the infant measures and preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Participants (N = 151) were infants with or without an elevated likelihood for ADHD (due to a family history of ADHD and/or ASD). A multi-method assessment protocol was used to assess infant attention and activity level at 10 months of age that included behavioural, cognitive, physiological and neural measures. Preschool ADHD traits were measured at 3 years of age using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Across a broad range of measures, we found no significant group differences in attention or activity level at 10 months between infants with and without a family history of ADHD or ASD. However, parent and observer ratings of infant activity level at 10 months were positively associated with later preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Observable behavioural differences in activity level (but not attention) may be apparent from infancy in children who later develop elevated preschool ADHD traits.

Group Differences in Alcohol-Creativity Interactions

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1635-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Alcohol Dose

A repeated-measures, balanced-order design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creativity as measured by verbal forms of the Torrance Creativity Test. Social drinkers (8 men and 8 women) performed under 2 conditions, alcohol (dose = 0.83 ml ethanol/kg body weight) and a placebo. Significant group differences in the alcohol-creativity interaction were noted in that the performance of higher-scoring (in the placebo condition) subjects was impaired by alcohol whereas that of lower-scoring subjects was enhanced.

scholarly journals A Pilot Feasibility Study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Prevention of Excess Weight Gain Among Adolescent Military-dependent Girls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail E Pine ◽  
Natasha A Schvey ◽  
Lisa M Shank ◽  
Natasha L Burke ◽  
M K Higgins Neyland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Acceptability ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Military Dependents ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Excess Weight Gain ◽  
Military Dependent

ABSTRACT Introduction Adolescent military-dependents face unique psychosocial stressors due to their parents’ careers, suggesting they may be particularly vulnerable to excess weight gain and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Despite these risk factors, there is a lack of tested preventative interventions for these youths. Given the transient nature of military family deployments, research may be hindered due to difficulty in collecting long-term prospective outcome data, particularly measured height and weight. The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of collecting body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) outcome data up to 2 years following a randomized controlled pilot trial of an adapted interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) program aimed at preventing excess weight gain and improving psychological functioning for adolescent military-dependents. In exploratory analyses, patterns in body composition over time were examined. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven adolescent military-dependent girls (baseline: Mage: 14.4 ± 1.6 years; MBMI: 30.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2; MBMI-z: 1.9 ± 0.4) participated in this study. After a baseline assessment, utilizing a computerized program to create a randomization string, girls were assigned to either an IPT or a health education (HE) program. Participants completed three follow-up visits (posttreatment, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up). Girls completed a Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire at posttreatment; at all time points, height and fasting weight were collected. For the primary aim, Fisher’s exact tests examined the rate of obtained follow-up data and lost to follow-up status between the two groups, Mann-Whitney U tests examined the session attendance between groups, and treatment acceptability ratings were compared between the two groups at posttreatment using an independent samples t-test. For the exploratory aim, one-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) examined the group differences in BMI at each time point, adjusting for baseline values, and paired samples t-tests examined the within-group differences at each time point relative to baseline. Using imputed data in the full intent-to-treat sample, mixed model ANCOVAs were conducted to examine the group differences over time. Results Across both groups, girls attended an average of 72.0% of sessions. At least partial data were collected at posttreatment, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up for 96.3%, 85.2%, and 74.1% of the participants, respectively. There were no significant group differences in follow-up data collection rates, follow-up status, number of sessions attended, or treatment acceptability. BMI-z stabilized across groups, and there were no group differences in BMI-z. In adjusted ANCOVA models with imputed data, no significant group-by-time effects emerged. Conclusions For this randomized controlled prevention trial, long-term outcome data collection of measured BMI was possible in adolescent military-dependents and IPT was an acceptable and feasible intervention. An adequately powered trial is required to assess the efficacy of this intervention among military-dependents for obesity prevention and improvements in BMI.

scholarly journals A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora L. Eisner ◽  
Aja L. Murray ◽  
Manuel Eisner ◽  
Denis Ribeaud
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Study Recruitment

Selective non-participation and attrition pose a ubiquitous threat to the validity of inferences drawn from observational longitudinal studies. We investigate various potential predictors for non-response and attrition of parents as well as young persons at different stages of a multi-informant study. Various phases of renewed consent from parents and young persons allowed for a unique comparison of factors that drive participation. The target sample consisted of 1675 children entering primary school at age seven in 2004. Seven waves of interviews, over the course of 10 years, measured levels of problem behavior as rated by children, parents, and teachers. In the initial study recruitment, where participation was driven by parental consent, non-response was highest amongst certain socially disadvantaged immigrant minority groups. There were fewer significant group differences at wave 5, when young people could be directly recruited into the study. Similarly, attrition was higher for some immigrant background groups. Methodological implications for future analyses are discussed.

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