The Role of Random Blackout Cues in the Distribution of Moments of Stuttering

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 874-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Rappaport ◽  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Reading Material

Johnson and Millsapps have shown that when stuttered words are blotted out in successive readings of a passage there is a tendency for residual stutterings to occur on adjacent words. They interpreted this to mean that the blottings serve as cues which remind the subjects of past stutterings. To verify this, the effect of blotting out words at random in the reading material was tested. Randomly blotted words produced an adjacency effect when following an ordinary adjacency condition, but when preceding it, did not. The inference was drawn that randomly placed blackout cues do not in themselves precipitate stuttering, but that subjects may readily be conditioned to stutter in response to them by prior experience with stuttering-related blots. Not only do blottings appear to gain the power to produce stuttering through association with past stuttering, as Johnson and Millsapps inferred, but this power seems to extend to new blottings, in a different reading passage, placed without regard to whether the words had been stuttered or not.

Talking, Reading, and Writing on Smartphones

2020 ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Internet Protocols ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Voice Calls ◽  
News Headlines ◽  
Communication Preference

Mobile phones have increasingly been transformed from speaking technologies to devices for reading and writing. Cost helped drive this shift since written short messages were historically less expensive than voice calls. A second factor was communication preference for texting over talking, especially among younger users. With ready Internet access on smartphones, reading habits began shifting as well. Social networking messages, along with other short texts such as weather reports or news headlines, made for obvious reading material, as did the plethora of longer written documents available online. The e-book revolution enabled readers to retrieve entire books on their phones. Mobile phones are also writing platforms. Developments in hardware and software dramatically simplified the input process. Instead of multi-taps, users now rely on virtual keyboards for easy access not only to alphanumeric characters and punctuation marks but also to sophisticated predictive texting and autocorrection. Interestingly, while technically we are writing when inputting text on smartphones, many users do not perceive such input as real “writing”—a term they reserve for writing by hand or with a computer. Additional writing issues include norms regarding so-called textisms, along with the role of culture in shaping attitudes regarding linguistic correctness. Many organizations are discontinuing voicemail systems in favor of written messaging. At the same time, voice over Internet protocols continue to grow, and small voice-activated social robots designed for home use are proliferating. The chapter closes by asking what the spoken–written balance on smartphones might look like in the future.

Why Do Firms Participate in Voluntary Environmental Programs? A Meta-Analysis of the Role of Institutions, Resources, and Program Stringency

2021 ◽  
pp. 108602662199006
Author(s):  
Peter Tashman ◽  
Svetlana Flankova ◽  
Marc van Essen ◽  
Valentina Marano
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Environmental Programs ◽  
Voluntary Environmental Programs ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

We meta-analyze research on why firms join voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) to assess the impact of program stringency, or the extent to which they have rigorous, enforceable standards on these decisions. Stringency creates trade-offs for firms by affecting programs’ effectiveness, legitimacy, and adoption costs. Most research considers singular programs and lacks cross program variation needed to analyze program stringency’s impact. Our meta-analysis addresses this by sampling 127 studies and 23 VEPs. We begin by identifying common institutional and resource-based drivers of participation in the literature, and then analyze how program stringency moderates their impacts. Our results suggest that strictly governed VEPs encourage participation among highly visible and profitable firms, and discourage it when informal institutional pressures are higher, and firms have prior experience with other VEPs or quality management standards. We demonstrate that VEP stringency has nuanced effects on firm participation based on the institutional and resource-based factors facing them.

Analysis of the Collaborative Learning Application in Reading Material at Ninth Grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Sukini Sukini ◽  
Hilma Pami Putri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Object Based

This research was designed to find out and analyze of the collaborative learning application in reading material at ninth grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat. This research conducted due to several problems found in the field which were students make a fuss when working in groups, students do not listen to given the assignment by the teacher. It can be seen that there were students who work on group assignments that care and others were just busy talking with others. This research was done in order to answer the research question “What were the role of student and what were the role of teacher in collaborative learning at the ninth grade of SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat?” This research was a qualitative research using collaborative learning strategy. The purpose of this research was to find out and analyze the collaborative learning applicationin reading material at the ninth grade of SMPN 7 KinaliPasaman Barat by analyzing the teacher’s and students’ role in the collaborative learning. The researcher used interview and observation as the instrument of the research. The interview was directed to both students and teacher, which for the students contained 12 questions and for the teacher contained 7 questions. The researcher took 2 classes namely IX1 and IX2 as the observation object.                    Based on the finding from interview and observation of the collaborative learning in SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat, it was found that the teacher already fulfilled her role in the collaborative learning effectively, in the other hand the students still lack of the role as the cheer leader. They still laughed at their friends mistake. Besides that, the other roles that the students supposed to have were already done effectively. As the conclusion, the collaborative learning in SMPN 7 Kinali Pasaman Barat was good since the students and the teacher were doing their role effectively

Sex-Linked Bias in Promotion Decisions: The Role of Candidate's Career Relevance and Respondent's Prior Experience

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asya Pazy
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Sex Bias ◽  
Female Manager ◽  
Career Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analogue Study ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Response Formats ◽  
Rating Format

To investigate the idea that information about relevant career experience has an effect on the degree of sex bias in promotion decisions, an analogue study was conducted in which sex of candidate and relevance of prior jobs were varied. The effect of respondent's experience of subordinacy to a female manager was also investigated. A within-subject design was used with two response formats, ranking and rating. As predicted, relevance of career experience was a primary consideration in the promotion decision. Respondents who had worked in the past under a female manager showed a profemale bias in choosing among candidates with relevant career experience. No sex-linked bias was identified in the treatment of the candidates with irrelevant prior experience. Additional results suggested that the ranking format was more sensitive to the effect of sex-linked bias than was the rating format.

The role of music on Holocaust survivor offspring and how it influenced their relationship with their parents

2019 ◽  
pp. 030573561985362
Author(s):  
Atarah Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Holocaust Survivor ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Intergenerational Relationship ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
Perspective Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

This study examines the influence of music on the intergenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma. The article discusses the psychological role of the music by analyzing personal accounts of Holocaust survivor offspring, considering ways music influenced their relationships and communication with their parents, and how they employed music during the different stages of their life. Eleven second-generation musicians, with no prior experience with music therapy, consisting of three men and eight women aged 55–67 were interviewed. The interview included three musical excerpts that the interviewee prepared, representing their father, mother, and themselves. These musical excerpts were played during the interview, creating a deeper insight into the intergenerational relationship from the interviewee’s perspective. Analysis of the transcribed interviews indicated two patterns: the first, labeled “commemorating conductor”, relates to those with a more contented upbringing, who went on to perpetuate their parent’s traditions, primarily via their music; the second, the “arranger”, relates to those who grew up in a harsh environment. Music became their therapeutic tool and the means to recount their parents’ story. Both groups found creative ways via their music, to express intricate feelings repressed over the years, helping them cope with their background, identity, and communicate with their parents.

scholarly journals Adopting Computer Technology to empower Rural School Learners: The Case for Katsande Rural School Library, Zimbabwe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosea Tokwe
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
School Library ◽  
School Libraries ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technology In Schools

In most countries, the introduction of computer technology in schools has seen the role of school libraries transformed. Adoption of new technologies are now seen to be enhancing school libraries’ ability to perform their mission, vision and role, that is, providing learners access to a wide range of reading material to enable them to acquire knowledge as well as ability to read books online. This paper will address the impact computer technology is having on rural school learners at Katsande Primary School. It will explain how embracing of computer technology has influenced learners concerning achieving quality education. 

scholarly journals Readability in Classroom Practice of Report Text as Reading Material of Eleventh Graders

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-689
Author(s):  
Lifatur Rohmah Yunita ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Ahmad Munir
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Practice ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Eleventh Graders ◽  
Minimum Score ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Report Text ◽  
Readability Formula

This study is aimed to explain the readability of report text taken from “Bahasa Inggris Kelas 11” published by Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan based on readability formula evaluated by expert, in classroom practice and to know whether the readability of report text in classroom practice correspond with the readability of report text evaluated by expert. This study was a qualitative research. The data gained from observation, interview and documentation. The research subject was the students of eleventh grader of SMA Al – Islam Krian. To analyse the data, the researcher used three stages that proposed by Ary et al. (2010:220), they are, 1) organizing and familiarizing, 2) coding and reducing and 3) interpreting and presenting. There are some findings were obtained for this study. The first finding of this study shows that the readability of report text evaluated by expert was in the difficult level for eleventh graders. Second finding shows students enjoyed the material as well. They could understand the material easily and find the six components of reading as has been stated by Marshall (1979) appropriately. For the last finding, it could be seen that no one of the students got under the minimum score from the Minimum learning Standard. In conclusion, readability of report text that had been conducted by expert was not in correspondence with readability of report text in the classroom practice. Since readability of the text did not only depend on the length of the letters, words and sentences only because the role of the readers was also important to be considered. It was supported by (Armbruster et al., 1985); Fulcher (1997). They stated that the formulas

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