The base rate principle and the fairness principle in social judgment

Meet Jonathan and Elizabeth. One person is a doctor and the other is a nurse. Who is the doctor? When nothing else is known, the base rate principle favors Jonathan to be the doctor and the fairness principle favors both individuals equally. However, when individuating facts reveal who is actually the doctor, base rates and fairness become irrelevant, as the facts make the correct answer clear. In three experiments, explicit and implicit beliefs were measured before and after individuating facts were learned. These facts were either stereotypic (e.g., Jonathan is the doctor, Elizabeth is the nurse) or counterstereotypic (e.g., Elizabeth is the doctor, Jonathan is the nurse). Results showed that before individuating facts were learned, explicit beliefs followed the fairness principle, whereas implicit beliefs followed the base rate principle. After individuating facts were learned, explicit beliefs correctly aligned with stereotypic and counterstereotypic facts. Implicit beliefs, however, were immune to counterstereotypic facts and continued to follow the base rate principle. Having established the robustness and generality of these results, a fourth experiment verified that gender stereotypes played a causal role: when both individuals were male, explicit and implicit beliefs alike correctly converged with individuating facts. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that explicit beliefs uphold fairness and incorporate obvious and relevant facts, but implicit beliefs uphold base rates and appear relatively impervious to counterstereotypic facts.

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Cognitive-Based Interventions Break Gender Stereotypes in Kindergarten Children

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182413052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (24) ◽

pp. 13052

Author(s):

Yi Chung ◽

Hsin-Hui Huang

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Gender Stereotyping ◽

Kindergarten Children ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

School Settings ◽

Before And After ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Northern Taiwan

Despite the growing recognition of gender equality worldwide, plausible strategies that reduce young children’s gender stereotypes remain limited. Cognitive-based interventions have been widely used in school settings and have been suggested to play important roles in children’s gender stereotyping and in their processing of counter-stereotypic information. We aimed to determine whether exposure to counter-stereotypical information could break gender stereotypes in kindergarten children. Fifty-four children (61–79 months old) from two public kindergarten classes in northern Taiwan participated in this study. One of the two classes was randomly selected as the experimental group (n = 28), and the other was the control group (n = 26). The experimental group consisted of a gender equality curriculum including script relationship training for two months, while the control group continued their regular curriculum. The picture classification task (PCT) was measured before and after the intervention to assess gender stereotypes. Before interventions, 87.50% of the children chose a gender stereotypic relationship, while 12.50% chose script/other relationships in PCT. After the interventions, the gender stereotypic relationship dropped to 73.22% in the experimental group. Children in the control group were more likely to maintain their gender stereotypic relationship choices in PCTs. Our findings suggest that cognitive-based interventions, such as a gender equality curriculum, have the potential to break gender stereotypes in kindergarten children.

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Arthroscopy in Arthrosis: Is It Worth it? A case Presentation

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.8.6506 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 2232-2235

Author(s):

Marius Moga ◽

Mark Edward Pogarasteanu ◽

Antoine Edu

Keyword(s):

Clinical Status ◽

Loose Body ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Joint Range Of Motion ◽

Objective Evidence ◽

Before And After ◽

Total Knee ◽

Joint Range

The role of arthroscopy in incipient and mild arthrosis, even combined with proximal tibial ostetomy, is well known and well documented. On the other hand, its role in the treatment of advanced arthrosis of the large joints, especially the knee, is a subject of controversy. The proponents of the use of arthroscopy in advanced arthrosis claim that meniscectomy, synovectomy, ostophytectomy, chondral lesion stabilization, arthroscopic release, plica and loose body removal greatly improve the quality of life for most patients, especially if followed by the use of viscoelastic injection, by diminishing pain and improving joint range of motion. The opponents claim that, even though the advantages are clear in the cases that refuse arthroplasty, in all the other cases the surgical indication should be total knee arthroplasty, as the clinical relief is temporary, but with all the risks of a surgical intervention. We have conducted an overview of the recent literature, in order to find objective evidence to sustain either point of view. We focused on articles published that included an objective measurement of before and after clinical status through clinical scores and objective measurements. We also focused on the follow-up period and on the evolution of the pathology after arthroscopy.

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Antimicrobial Effect of 940 nm Diode Laser based on Photolysis of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.8.6478 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 2081-2088 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alin Alexandru Odor ◽

Edwin Sever Bechir ◽

Deborah Violant ◽

Victoria Badea

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Group 4 ◽

Periodontal Bacteria ◽

Severe Periodontitis ◽

Before And After

Moderate and severe periodontitis represents a challenge in the non-surgical periodontal therapy. Due to the lack of evidence regarding the antimicrobial effectiveness of 940 nm diode laser in periodontal treatment, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photolysis performed with 940 nm diode laser in the treatment of moderate and severe periodontitis. Twenty-five patients with 100 teeth were selected for this pilot study. The test teeth were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups: Group 1: scaling and root planning (SRP) (control group); and the following experimental groups: Group 2: H2O2; Group 3: 940 nm diode laser therapy; Group 4: 940 nm diode laser therapy and H2O2. Clinical examinations, like probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were performed before and after the treatment. The microbiological evaluation, effectuated before and after the treatment, included nine periodontal bacteria species and investigated by means of real-time PCR assay. The clinical and bacterial differences in the tested groups, was assessed between control group and the other three experimental groups, as well as between the experimental groups. The total bacteria load was reduced for all four studied groups. Group 4 (diode laser + H2O2) showed significant bacterial reduction of the major periodontal bacteria like Pg., Tf., Td., Pi., Pm., Fn (p[0.001) than the other 3 groups (p]0.001). Also the periodontal clinical parameters, like PD, CAL and BOP showed a significant reduction after the photolysis of H2O2 with the 940 nm diode laser (p[0.001). Differences between tested groups showed a significant beneficial results in regard to Group 4.It is suggested that the photoactivation of H2O2 with the 940 nm diode laser can be used successfully in adjunctive to the non-surgical periodontal treatment as a bactericidal tool.

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Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine

10.1093/oso/9780198812968.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Correct Answer ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

The Other ◽

The Third

Maximise your exam success with this essential revision guide. The third edition of Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine features over 550 Single Best Answer questions. Packed with questions written by practicing clinicians and educators, this revision tool is an authoritative guide on core clinical topics and professional themes. Each question is accompanied by extensive feedback which explains not only the rationale of the correct answer, but why the other options are incorrect. Further reading resources and cross-references to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine have been fully updated to expand your revision further. Progess to exam success with the third edition of Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine.

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Management of chronic periodontitis: an interdisciplinary approach

International Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.14419/ijdr.v4i2.6773 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Sneha Dani ◽

Savitha A.N ◽

Kenneth Tan ◽

Anand Naik ◽

Charan Chhatrala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Interest ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Periodontal Therapy ◽

The Other ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Orthodontic Therapy ◽

Single Tooth ◽

Before And After

Objective: In recent years, advances in technique as well as a growing public interest in developing and maintaining a healthy and attractive smile, has resulted in a greater understanding of the interrelationships between periodontics and orthodontics. The primary objective of periodontal therapy is to restore and maintain the health and integrity of the attachment apparatus of teeth. In adults, the loss of teeth or periodontal support can result in pathological teeth migration involving either a single tooth or a group of teeth. This may result in the development of a diastema, incisal proclination, rotation with collapse of the posterior occlusion.Materials and methods: This case report is of a 32 year old female patient who reported with swollen gums, generalized spacing between the teeth and extruded upper anterior tooth. Periodontal therapy followed by fixed orthodontic therapy was planned.Results: At the end of 2 years a stable healthy periodontium was established that was both functional and esthetic.Conclusion: Adjunctive orthodontic therapy is often necessary for successful restoration of periodontal health. On the other hand, successful orthodontic treatment will depend on the periodontal preparation before and after treatment and the maintenance of periodontal health throughout all phases of mechano-therapy.

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Effect of thromboxane antagonists on ozone-induced airway responses in dogs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.880 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 880-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. L. Jones ◽

C. G. Lane ◽

P. M. O'Byrne

Keyword(s):

Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽

The Other ◽

Receptor Antagonists ◽

Thromboxane Receptor ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Airway Responses ◽

Control Infusion

Airway hyperresponsiveness after inhaled ozone in dogs may occur as a result of thromboxane release in the airway. In this study, two thromboxane receptor antagonists, L-655,240 and L-670,596, were used in doses that inhibit the response to an inhaled thromboxane mimetic, U-46619, to determine further the role of thromboxane in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Dogs were studied on 2 days separated by 1 wk. On each day, the dogs inhaled ozone (3 ppm) for 30 min. On one randomly assigned day, 10 dogs received an infusion of L-655,240 (5 mg.kg-1.h-1) and 5 dogs received an infusion of L-670,596 (1 mg.kg-1.h-1); on the other day dogs received a control infusion. Airway responses to doubling doses of acetylcholine were measured before and after inhalation of ozone and were expressed as the concentration of acetylcholine giving a rise in resistance of 5 cmH2O.l-1.s from baseline (acetylcholine provocation concentration). The development of airway hyperresponsiveness after ozone was not inhibited by the thromboxane antagonists. The mean log difference in the acetylcholine provocative concentration before and after ozone on the L-655,240 treatment day was 0.62 +/- 0.12 (SE) and on the control day was 0.71 +/- 0.12 (P = 0.48); on the L-670,596 treatment day the mean log difference was 0.68 +/- 0.15 (SE) and on the control day it was 0.75 +/- 0.19 (P = 0.45). These results do not support an important role for thromboxane in causing ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.

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BASE RATE NEGLECT FOR THE WEALTH OF INTERACTING PEOPLE

Advances in Complex Systems ◽

10.1142/s0219525910002761 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (05) ◽

pp. 607-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

DIEMO URBIG

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Social Learning ◽

Learning Process ◽

Base Rate ◽

Human Information Processing ◽

Base Rates ◽

Base Rate Neglect ◽

Positive Externalities ◽

Rate Information

Previous research investigating base rate neglect as a bias in human information processing has focused on isolated individuals. This study complements this research by showing that in settings of interacting individuals, especially in settings of social learning, where individuals can learn from one another, base rate neglect can increase a population's welfare. This study further supports the research arguing that a population with members biased by neglecting base rates does not need to perform worse than a population with unbiased members. Adapting the model of social learning suggested by Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (The Journal of Political Economy100 (1992) 992–1026) and including base rates that differ from generic cases such as 50–50, conditions are identified that make underweighting base rate information increasing the population's welfare. The base rate neglect can start a social learning process that otherwise had not been started and thus base rate neglect can generate positive externalities improving a population's welfare.

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Soil water dynamics after fire in a Portuguese shrubland

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf04057 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Joaquim S. Silva ◽

Francisco C. Rego ◽

Stefano Mazzoleni

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Plant Community ◽

Root Distribution ◽

Control Plot ◽

The Other ◽

Water Dynamics ◽

Soil Water Dynamics ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Before And After

This paper presents a study where soil water content (SW) was measured before and after an experimental fire in a shrubland dominated by Erica scoparia L. in Portugal. Two plots were established: one was kept as a control plot and the other was burned by an experimental fire in June 2001. Measurements were taken before fire (2000), and after fire (2001, 2002, and 2003) at six depths down to 170 cm, from June to December. Measurements before fire allowed comparison of the two plots in terms of the SW differential, using 2000 as a reference. Results for 2001 showed that SW decreased less during the drying season (June–September) and increased more during the wetting season (October–December) in the burned plot than in the control plot. The magnitude of these effects decreased consistently in 2002 and 2003, especially at surface layers. The maximum gain of SW for the total profile in the burned plot was estimated as 105.5 mm in 2001, 70.2 mm in 2002, and 35.6 mm in 2003. The present paper discusses the mechanisms responsible for the increase in SW taking into account the characteristics of the plant community, including the root distribution, and the results of other studies.

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The Usefulness of Impedance Cardiography for Predicting Beneficial Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Heart Failure

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/595369 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Grzegorz Gielerak ◽

Paweł Krzesiński ◽

Ewa Piotrowicz ◽

Ryszard Piotrowicz

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Impedance Cardiography ◽

The Other ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Fluid Content ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Patients With Heart Failure ◽

Before And After

Aim. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an important part of heart failure (HF) treatment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate if thoracic fluid content (TFC) measured by impedance cardiography (ICG) is a useful parameter for predicting the outcome of CR.Methods. Fifty HF patients underwent clinical and noninvasive haemodynamic (TFC) assessments before and after 8-week CR.Results. As a result of CR, the patients’ exercise tolerance improved, especially in terms of peak VO2(18.7 versus 20.8 mL × kg−1× min−1;P=0.025). TFC was found to identify patients with significantly improved peak VO2after CR. “High TFC” patients (TFC > 27.0 kOhm−1), compared to those of “low TFC” (TFC < 27.0 kOhm−1), were found to have more pronounced increase in peak VO2(1.3 versus 3.1 mL × kg−1× min−1;P=0.011) and decrease in TFC (4.0 versus 0.7 kOhm−1;P<0.00001). On the other hand, the patients with improved peak VO2(n=32) differed from those with no peak VO2improvement in terms of higher baseline TFC values (28.4 versus 25.3 kOhm−1;P=0.039) and its significant decrease after CR (2.7 versus 0.2 kOhm−1;P=0.012).Conclusions. TFC can be a useful parameter for predicting beneficial effects of CR worth including in the process of patients’ qualification for CR.

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Psychophysical interactions with a double-slit interference pattern: Exploratory evidence of a causal influence

Physics Essays ◽

10.4006/0836-1398-34.1.79 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88

Author(s):

Dean Radin ◽

Helané Wahbeh ◽

Leena Michel ◽

Arnaud Delorme

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Interference Pattern ◽

Type I Error ◽

Human Mind ◽

The Other ◽

Type I ◽

Fringe Visibility ◽

Future Studies ◽

Before And After ◽

Double Slit

An experiment we conducted from 2012 to 2013, which had not been previously reported, was designed to explore possible psychophysical effects resulting from the interaction of a human mind with a quantum system. Participants focused their attention toward or away from the slits in a double-slit optical system to see if the interference pattern would be affected. Data were collected from 25 people in individual half-hour sessions; each person repeated the test ten times for a total of 250 planned sessions. “Sham” sessions designed to mimic the experimental sessions without observers present were run immediately before and after as controls. Based on the planned analysis, no evidence for a psychophysical effect was found. Because this experiment differed in two essential ways from similar, previously reported double-slit experiments, two exploratory analyses were developed, one based on a simple spectral analysis of the interference pattern and the other based on fringe visibility. For the experimental data, the outcome supported a pattern of results predicted by a causal psychophysical effect, with the spectral metric resulting in a 3.4 sigma effect (p = 0.0003), and the fringe visibility metric resulting in 7 of 22 fringes tested above 2.3 sigma after adjustment for type I error inflation, with one of those fringes at 4.3 sigma above chance (p = 0.00001). The same analyses applied to the sham data showed uniformly null outcomes. Other analyses exploring the potential that these results were due to mundane artifacts, such as fluctuations in temperature or vibration, showed no evidence of such influences. Future studies using the same protocols and analytical methods will be required to determine if these exploratory results are idiosyncratic or reflect a genuine psychophysical influence.

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