Communication Profiles of Two Types of Gesture Using Nonverbal Persons With Severe to Profound Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. McLean ◽  
Lee K. S. McLean ◽  
Nancy C. Brady ◽  
Rhonda Etter
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Severe Mental Retardation ◽  
Intentional Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Profound Mental Retardation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Structured Communication

A structured communication sampling procedure was used to measure the form and function characteristics of intentional communication acts produced by nonverbal adults with severe mental retardation. Four “contact” subjects (who communicated only with contact gestures) and 4 “distal” subjects (who used distal as well as contact gestures) participated in this study. All subjects produced communication acts that were coded as initiations, and all subjects produced protoimperative-type communication acts. However, contact subjects produced no protodeclarative-type communication acts, whereas all distal subjects produced some protodeclaratives. Distal subjects lso produced significantly more repair/recast acts than did contact subjects. Other findings included a tendency for distal subjects to communicate at a higher rate, to initiate more communication acts, and to produce more accompanying wordlike vocalizations than contact subjects. These results are discussed in light of Werner and Kaplan’s (1984) concept of distancing as central to symbolization. Implications for future research and for clinical practice are also discussed.

Communication Forms and Functions of Children and Adults With Severe Mental Retardation in Community and Institutional Settings

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee K. McLean ◽  
Nancy C. Brady ◽  
James E. McLean ◽  
Gene Ann Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Severe Mental Retardation ◽  
Intentional Communication ◽  
Residential Status ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
Expressive Communication ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Structured Communication

The forms and functions of expressive communication produced by 84 individuals with severe mental retardation were assessed, using a structured communication sampling procedure. Symbolic communication acts were produced by 39 participants, and 27 of these symbolic communicators produced one or more multiword/multisymbol utterances. Of the remaining participants, 38 produced intentional but nonsymbolic communication acts; 7 were not observed to produce any intentional communication. For all participants who produced intentional communication, there were significantly more imperative than declarative communication acts. Significant differences in the frequencies and functions of communication acts produced by these participants were associated with differences in their communication levels (contact gesture, distal gesture, or symbolic), age (child vs. adult), and residential status (community home vs. large facility).

Anatomy for Dental Students

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Full Color ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Key Resources

Anatomy for Dental Students, Fourth Edition, demonstrates and explains all the anatomy needed for a modern dentistry undergraduate course. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated in line with contemporary teaching and dental practice. Over 300 new full color diagrams map all the anatomical regions that dental students need to know, while the lively and accesible text guides the reader's learning. Throughout Clinical Application Boxes demonstrate how the form and function of anatomy have consequences for clinical practice. Sidelines boxes contain additional descriptions for key anatomical structures. This text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with multiple choice questions, drag and drop figure exercises, and links to key resources to help readers to consolidate and extend their knowledge of anatomy. Anatomy for Dental Students brings together anatomical structure, function, and their relationship to clinical practice, making it ideal for dental students.

Conclusions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
And Function

This book began by stating that histories of religious architecture can be accounts of both buildings and people. This particular history, focused on the archaeological evidence for the development of cult buildings in early central Italy, has reconsidered traditional narratives about the form and function of Etrusco-Italic religious architecture and proposed an alternative reconstruction of how their architects and audiences may have interacted with one another in Rome, Latium, and Etruria between the ninth and the sixth centuries BC. Comparison with the construction of monumental temples elsewhere also indicated that settlements including Rome, Satricum, Pyrgi, and Tarquinia can perhaps be considered part of a network of Archaic Mediterranean settlements with material, commercial, and religious connections, and that monumental architecture may have been a mechanism for successful social interaction. This study has therefore supported the suggestion that the physical and social fabric of ancient communities were closely linked, and that regional studies of Latium and Etruria may furthermore benefit from being set in Italic and Mediterranean contexts. This concluding chapter briefly recapitulates the arguments made in the main body of the book and the significance of each of those arguments for studies of ancient architecture and society. It also assesses how these findings relate to broader debates about Archaic Italy. Finally, it acknowledges the limitations of this analysis and highlights opportunities for future research. Part I of this book demonstrated that ancient religious architecture was a protean phenomenon. Three chapters analysed the ambiguous evidence for Iron Age sacred huts, the range of different buildings types associated with ritual activities in the seventh century BC, and the emergence of a separate architectural language for religious buildings during the Archaic period. Detailed analyses of foundations and roofs revealed that as changes in technology and society led to the widespread use of more permanent building materials, the physical fabric of central Italic settlements was also increasingly marked by the use of particular architectural forms and decorations to differentiate cult buildings from other structures, setting them apart in a form of architectural consecration.

scholarly journals Naturalistic Observations of Nonverbal Children with Autism: A Study of Intentional Communicative Acts in the Classroom

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Drain ◽  
Paul E. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
Picture Exchange Communication System ◽  
Intentional Communication ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
School Day ◽  
Nonverbal Children ◽  
And Function ◽  
Verbal Prompts ◽  
Typical School

We examined evoked and spontaneous communicative acts in six nonverbal children with autism (10–15 years, M = 12.8, SD = 2.1). All participants attended the same special school for children with autism but were in different classes. Each was observed for 30 minutes during a typical school day. An observer coded the presence/absence of an antecedent, the form and function of the communicative act, and the teacher’s response to the child. One hundred and fifty-five communicative acts were observed, 41% were spontaneous and 59% were evoked. The main antecedents to evoked communicative acts were verbal prompts, and most of the evoked communicative acts were physical in nature (i.e., motor acts and gestures). However, verbalizations and the use of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) were higher for spontaneous communicative acts. The functions of spontaneous communicative acts were primarily requests. Results showed a substantial number of “nonresponses” from teachers, even following evoked communicative acts. These results suggest that teachers may not actively promote intentional communication as much as possible. Therefore, our findings provide information concerning ways in which educators could facilitate intentional communication in non-verbal children with autism.

scholarly journals Primary Care Patient Records in the United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future Research Priorities (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian McMillan ◽  
Robert Eastham ◽  
Benjamin Brown ◽  
Richard Fitton ◽  
David Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Primary Care Patient ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Care Patient ◽  
Patient Record ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
And Function

UNSTRUCTURED This paper briefly outlines the history of the medical record and the factors contributing to the adoption of computerized records in primary care in the United Kingdom. It discusses how both paper-based and electronic health records have traditionally been used in the past and goes on to examine how enabling patients to access their own primary care record online is changing the form and function of the patient record. In addition, it looks at the evidence for the benefits of Web-based access and discusses some of the challenges faced in this transition. Finally, some suggestions are made regarding the future of the patient record and research questions that need to be addressed to help deepen our understanding of how they can be used more beneficially by both patients and clinicians.

scholarly journals Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095864
Author(s):  
Neil Shortland ◽  
Elias Nader ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Marek Palasinski
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Function

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.

scholarly journals Navigating Regional Environmental Governance

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Balsiger ◽  
Stacy D. VanDeveer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Multilevel Governance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
And Function

Global environmental governance is growing increasingly complex and recent scholarship and practice raise a number of questions about the continued feasibility of negotiating and implementing an ever-larger set of global environmental agreements. In the search for alternative conceptual models and normative orders, regional environmental governance (REG) is (re)emerging as a significant phenomenon in theory and practice. Although environmental cooperation has historically been more prevalent at the regional than at the global level, and has informed much of what we know today about international environmental cooperation, REG has been a neglected topic in the scholarly literature on international relations and international environmental politics. This introduction to the special issue situates theoretical arguments linked to REG in the broader literature, including the nature of regions, the location of regions in multilevel governance, and the normative arguments advanced for and against regional orders. It provides an overview of empirical work; offers quantitative evidence of REG's global distribution; advances a typology of REG for future research; and introduces the collection of research articles and commentaries through the lens of three themes: form and function, multilevel governance, and participation.

scholarly journals The Organization and Operation of Inferior Temporal Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bevil R. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Function

Inferior temporal cortex (IT) is a key part of the ventral visual pathway implicated in object, face, and scene perception. But how does IT work? Here, I describe an organizational scheme that marries form and function and provides a framework for future research. The scheme consists of a series of stages arranged along the posterior-anterior axis of IT, defined by anatomical connections and functional responses. Each stage comprises a complement of subregions that have a systematic spatial relationship. The organization of each stage is governed by an eccentricity template, and corresponding eccentricity representations across stages are interconnected. Foveal representations take on a role in high-acuity object vision (including face recognition); intermediate representations compute other aspects of object vision such as behavioral valence (using color and surface cues); and peripheral representations encode information about scenes. This multistage, parallel-processing model invokes an innately determined organization refined by visual experience that is consistent with principles of cortical development. The model is also consistent with principles of evolution, which suggest that visual cortex expanded through replication of retinotopic areas. Finally, the model predicts that the most extensively studied network within IT—the face patches—is not unique but rather one manifestation of a canonical set of operations that reveal general principles of how IT works.

scholarly journals Sperm wars and the evolution of male fertility

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh W Simmons ◽  
John L Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sperm Length ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Females frequently mate with several males, whose sperm then compete to fertilize available ova. Sperm competition represents a potent selective force that is expected to shape male expenditure on the ejaculate. Here, we review empirical data that illustrate the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition. Sperm competition favors the evolution of increased testes size and sperm production. In some species, males appear capable of adjusting the number of sperm ejaculated, depending on the perceived levels of sperm competition. Selection is also expected to act on sperm form and function, although the evidence for this remains equivocal. Comparative studies suggest that sperm length and swimming speed may increase in response to selection from sperm competition. However, the mechanisms driving this pattern remain unclear. Evidence that sperm length influences sperm swimming speed is mixed and fertilization trials performed across a broad range of species demonstrate inconsistent relationships between sperm form and function. This ambiguity may in part reflect the important role that seminal fluid proteins (sfps) play in affecting sperm function. There is good evidence that sfps are subject to selection from sperm competition, and recent work is pointing to an ability of males to adjust their seminal fluid chemistry in response to sperm competition from rival males. We argue that future research must consider sperm and seminal fluid components of the ejaculate as a functional unity. Research at the genomic level will identify the genes that ultimately control male fertility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document