scholarly journals The Organization and Operation of Inferior Temporal Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bevil R. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Function

Inferior temporal cortex (IT) is a key part of the ventral visual pathway implicated in object, face, and scene perception. But how does IT work? Here, I describe an organizational scheme that marries form and function and provides a framework for future research. The scheme consists of a series of stages arranged along the posterior-anterior axis of IT, defined by anatomical connections and functional responses. Each stage comprises a complement of subregions that have a systematic spatial relationship. The organization of each stage is governed by an eccentricity template, and corresponding eccentricity representations across stages are interconnected. Foveal representations take on a role in high-acuity object vision (including face recognition); intermediate representations compute other aspects of object vision such as behavioral valence (using color and surface cues); and peripheral representations encode information about scenes. This multistage, parallel-processing model invokes an innately determined organization refined by visual experience that is consistent with principles of cortical development. The model is also consistent with principles of evolution, which suggest that visual cortex expanded through replication of retinotopic areas. Finally, the model predicts that the most extensively studied network within IT—the face patches—is not unique but rather one manifestation of a canonical set of operations that reveal general principles of how IT works.

Conclusions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
And Function

This book began by stating that histories of religious architecture can be accounts of both buildings and people. This particular history, focused on the archaeological evidence for the development of cult buildings in early central Italy, has reconsidered traditional narratives about the form and function of Etrusco-Italic religious architecture and proposed an alternative reconstruction of how their architects and audiences may have interacted with one another in Rome, Latium, and Etruria between the ninth and the sixth centuries BC. Comparison with the construction of monumental temples elsewhere also indicated that settlements including Rome, Satricum, Pyrgi, and Tarquinia can perhaps be considered part of a network of Archaic Mediterranean settlements with material, commercial, and religious connections, and that monumental architecture may have been a mechanism for successful social interaction. This study has therefore supported the suggestion that the physical and social fabric of ancient communities were closely linked, and that regional studies of Latium and Etruria may furthermore benefit from being set in Italic and Mediterranean contexts. This concluding chapter briefly recapitulates the arguments made in the main body of the book and the significance of each of those arguments for studies of ancient architecture and society. It also assesses how these findings relate to broader debates about Archaic Italy. Finally, it acknowledges the limitations of this analysis and highlights opportunities for future research. Part I of this book demonstrated that ancient religious architecture was a protean phenomenon. Three chapters analysed the ambiguous evidence for Iron Age sacred huts, the range of different buildings types associated with ritual activities in the seventh century BC, and the emergence of a separate architectural language for religious buildings during the Archaic period. Detailed analyses of foundations and roofs revealed that as changes in technology and society led to the widespread use of more permanent building materials, the physical fabric of central Italic settlements was also increasingly marked by the use of particular architectural forms and decorations to differentiate cult buildings from other structures, setting them apart in a form of architectural consecration.

scholarly journals Maintaining and Improving the Environmental Cleanliness in Semarang Municipality in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Oktiva Herry Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Similar Point ◽  
The Face ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
Participatory Observation

Language produced in a specific event of communication will have its form and function. Some messages are delivered in direct ways meaning the form and the functions are symmetric; some others are delivered in indirect ways, asymmetric. Direct or indirect ways will give different perceptions to those who receive the content of the message. Considering the face of receivers is one of the principles that should be made by policy makers as they communicate with people in public space. This article aims to explain the forms of language used to prohibit littering and the way the maker of prohibition thinks about the writing of littering. The research is conducted by using non-participatory observation method. This, then, is followed by applying note taking technique and recording. The result shows mostly the writings of littering prohibition are made an indirect way and less number in indirect way. Having a direct way means society is placed as subordinate in relation to the authorities. Even though less in number, indirect littering prohibition shows some writings see an equal position between the writer and reader. Both take a similar point of view on littering.

scholarly journals Primary Care Patient Records in the United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future Research Priorities (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian McMillan ◽  
Robert Eastham ◽  
Benjamin Brown ◽  
Richard Fitton ◽  
David Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Primary Care Patient ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Care Patient ◽  
Patient Record ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
And Function

UNSTRUCTURED This paper briefly outlines the history of the medical record and the factors contributing to the adoption of computerized records in primary care in the United Kingdom. It discusses how both paper-based and electronic health records have traditionally been used in the past and goes on to examine how enabling patients to access their own primary care record online is changing the form and function of the patient record. In addition, it looks at the evidence for the benefits of Web-based access and discusses some of the challenges faced in this transition. Finally, some suggestions are made regarding the future of the patient record and research questions that need to be addressed to help deepen our understanding of how they can be used more beneficially by both patients and clinicians.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BENTUK DAN FUNGSI REFERENSI PERSONAL DALAM NOVEL REMBULAN TENGGELAM DIWAJAHMU KARYA TERE LIYE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Muh Ali Imran ◽  
Nur Resky Evawanti
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Face ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Third Person ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Planning Action

AbstractThe main problem in this research  how to find out about the form and function of personal references in the novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu in order to determine the differences contained in the novel especially those on personal references contained therein. This research was a literature review of research that contains one topic that contains some ideas or propositions related and must be supported by the data obtained from literature sources. This research procedure included planning, action and analysis. Subjects in this study was the novel of  Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu. The results showed that the observation of novel moon sinking in the face are analyzed on personal references indicate that there are a lot of words including personal references such as personal pronoun first (referring to himself), pronouns second person (referring to the speaker) , and the third person pronoun (which refers to the person in question). Based on these results above, it can be concluded that the words include references persona there are differences both in writing and in speech.Keywords: Novel, personal referencesAbstrakMasalah utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana mengetahui tentang bentuk dan fungsi referensi personal di dalam novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut terkhusus pada referensi personal yang terdapat di dalamnya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kajian pustaka yang berisi satu topik yang memuat beberapa gagasan atau proposisi yang berkaitan dan harus didukung oleh data yang diperoleh dari sumber pustaka. Prosedur penelitian ini meleputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, dan analisis. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pengamatan terhadap novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu yang menganalisis tentang referensi personal menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak kata-kata yang termasuk referensi personal seperti pronomina persona pertama( yang mengacu pada diri sendiri), pronomina persona kedua (yang mengacu pada lawan bicara), dan pronomina persona ketiga (yang mengacu pada orang yang dibicarakan). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kata-kata yang mencakup referensi persona terdapat perbedaan baik didalam penulisan maupun didalam tuturan.  Kata kunci: Novel,referensi personal

scholarly journals Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095864
Author(s):  
Neil Shortland ◽  
Elias Nader ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Marek Palasinski
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Function

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.

scholarly journals Oxytocin modulates fMRI responses to facial expression in macaques

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (24) ◽  
pp. E3123-E3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Fadila Hadj-Bouziane ◽  
Katherine B. Jones ◽  
Janita N. Turchi ◽  
Bruno B. Averbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Way

Increasing evidence has shown that oxytocin (OT), a mammalian hormone, modifies the way social stimuli are perceived and the way they affect behavior. Thus, OT may serve as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, many of which are characterized by dysfunctional social behavior. To explore the neural mechanisms mediating the effects of OT in macaque monkeys, we investigated whether OT would modulate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in face-responsive regions (faces vs. blank screen) evoked by the perception of various facial expressions (neutral, fearful, aggressive, and appeasing). In the placebo condition, we found significantly increased activation for emotional (mainly fearful and appeasing) faces compared with neutral faces across the face-responsive regions. OT selectively, and differentially, altered fMRI responses to emotional expressions, significantly reducing responses to both fearful and aggressive faces in face-responsive regions while leaving responses to appeasing as well as neutral faces unchanged. We also found that OT administration selectively reduced functional coupling between the amygdala and areas in the occipital and inferior temporal cortex during the viewing of fearful and aggressive faces, but not during the viewing of neutral or appeasing faces. Taken together, our results indicate homologies between monkeys and humans in the neural circuits mediating the effects of OT. Thus, the monkey may be an ideal animal model to explore the development of OT-based pharmacological strategies for treating patients with dysfunctional social behavior.

scholarly journals Navigating Regional Environmental Governance

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Balsiger ◽  
Stacy D. VanDeveer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Multilevel Governance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
And Function

Global environmental governance is growing increasingly complex and recent scholarship and practice raise a number of questions about the continued feasibility of negotiating and implementing an ever-larger set of global environmental agreements. In the search for alternative conceptual models and normative orders, regional environmental governance (REG) is (re)emerging as a significant phenomenon in theory and practice. Although environmental cooperation has historically been more prevalent at the regional than at the global level, and has informed much of what we know today about international environmental cooperation, REG has been a neglected topic in the scholarly literature on international relations and international environmental politics. This introduction to the special issue situates theoretical arguments linked to REG in the broader literature, including the nature of regions, the location of regions in multilevel governance, and the normative arguments advanced for and against regional orders. It provides an overview of empirical work; offers quantitative evidence of REG's global distribution; advances a typology of REG for future research; and introduces the collection of research articles and commentaries through the lens of three themes: form and function, multilevel governance, and participation.

scholarly journals Short Runs for a Long Slide: Principalization in Complex Facial Restoration after Acid Attack Burn Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Hughes ◽  
RobertJaroslaw Dabek ◽  
Johanna N. Riesel ◽  
Nemanja Baletic ◽  
James Chodosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Acid Attack ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Face ◽  
Vulnerable Patient ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Burn injuries are responsible for a significant portion of surgically treatable morbidity throughout the world and particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Intentional flame, chemical, and contact burns are unfortunately a common mechanism of injury. It is estimated that intentional chemical burns are responsible for between 2 and 20% of burn injuries seen at burn centers in lower income countries. Women are commonly targeted and the perpetrators are often known to the victims. The combination of a high disease prevalence, limited surgical and anesthetic resources, a vulnerable patient population, and largely disfiguring, nonlethal injuries present unique challenges for the reconstructive surgeon who may not encounter such cases regularly. In this article, we present a case of a 16-year-old female who sustained severe, full-thickness burns to the face including eyelids, neck, abdomen, and upper extremities after an intentional acid attack. She began her treatment course with us approximately 1 year after the injury. The deformities of her oral and periorbital regions presented particularly difficult reconstructive problems, including impending visual loss. Using plastic surgical principalization, we provided our patient adequate restoration of facial form and function through numbers of interventions using fundamental and state-of-the-art techniques.

scholarly journals A Framework for Considering Climate Change Impacts in Project Selection for Deepwater Horizon Restoration Efforts

Wetlands ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-899
Author(s):  
Bethany Carl Kraft ◽  
Raelene Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Function

Abstract The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill resulted in extensive damage to the northern Gulf of Mexico ecosystem. Resulting fines and penalties have triggered one of the largest ecological restoration efforts in U.S. history. Nearly $20 Billion in funding from oil spill-related claims and settlements will be available in the coming years for environmental restoration and economic recovery. At the same time, climate change is also impacting ecosystem form and function in the Gulf region, which could undermine the long-term sustainability of projects by limiting their useful life or impeding anticipated benefits over time (e.g., ecosystem services, flood protection). These challenges can be considered and addressed in project planning, selection and adaptive management phases of restoration. If decision-makers do not consider the longevity of projects in the face of climate-related stressors, in 30 to 50 years there could be very little to show for a $20 Billion investment, with the Gulf ecosystem still in need of extensive restoration but without the monetary resources to accomplish restoration goals and mitigate climate-related impacts. This paper provides a framework for decision makers to consider how to incorporate climate change considerations for wetland restoration activities related to the DWH spill.

N250 ERP Correlates of the Acquisition of Face Representations across Different Images

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen M. Kaufmann ◽  
Stefan R. Schweinberger ◽  
A. Mike Burton
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
The Face

We used ERPs to investigate neural correlates of face learning. At learning, participants viewed video clips of unfamiliar people, which were presented either with or without voices providing semantic information. In a subsequent face-recognition task (four trial blocks), learned faces were repeated once per block and presented interspersed with novel faces. To disentangle face from image learning, we used different images for face repetitions. Block effects demonstrated that engaging in the face-recognition task modulated ERPs between 170 and 900 msec poststimulus onset for learned and novel faces. In addition, multiple repetitions of different exemplars of learned faces elicited an increased bilateral N250. Source localizations of this N250 for learned faces suggested activity in fusiform gyrus, similar to that found previously for N250r in repetition priming paradigms [Schweinberger, S. R., Pickering, E. C., Jentzsch, I., Burton, A. M., & Kaufmann, J. M. Event-related brain potential evidence for a response of inferior temporal cortex to familiar face repetitions. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 398–409, 2002]. Multiple repetitions of learned faces also elicited increased central–parietal positivity between 400 and 600 msec and caused a bilateral increase of inferior–temporal negativity (>300 msec) compared with novel faces. Semantic information at learning enhanced recognition rates. Faces that had been learned with semantic information elicited somewhat less negative amplitudes between 700 and 900 msec over left inferior–temporal sites. Overall, the findings demonstrate a role of the temporal N250 ERP in the acquisition of new face representations across different images. They also suggest that, compared with visual presentation alone, additional semantic information at learning facilitates postperceptual processing in recognition but does not facilitate perceptual analysis of learned faces.

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