Word Frequency and Age Effects in Normally Developing Children's Phonological Processing

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1099-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Troia ◽  
Froma P. Roth ◽  
Grace H. Yeni-Komshian
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Confrontation Naming

Eleven kindergarten-age students and 11 second-grade students were asked to perform each of four phonological processing tasks: (a) confrontation naming of object drawings, (b) rapid sequential naming of object drawings and letters, (c) segmentation of words into sounds, and (d) blending sounds to produce words. Response accuracy and, for the picture naming tasks, response latency were measured. In addition, single-word reading ability and silent reading comprehension were evaluated. Results indicated that high-frequency stimuli were named faster and, in one task, more accurately than low-frequency stimuli. Blending sounds to produce high-frequency words was less difficult than blending sounds to produce low-frequency words, but word frequency did not affect sound segmentation performance. Children in second grade generally were faster and more accurate than kindergarten children in naming pictures. They also were able to segment more sounds and correctly blend sounds to produce more target words than kindergarten students. Confrontation naming accuracy, rapid object-and letter-naming latency, and sound segmentation and blending accuracy were intercorrelated and were related to word recognition and to reading comprehension. Serial naming speed was highly related to phonological awareness in kindergarten, whereas confrontation naming accuracy was highly related to phonological awareness in second grade. A limited cognitive resources framework was adopted to interpret these findings.

scholarly journals A longitudinal study of phonological processing skills and reading in bilingual children

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADÈLE LAFRANCE ◽  
ALEXANDRA GOTTARDO
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Orthographic Depth ◽  
French And English

French/English bilingual children (N=40) in French language schools participated in an 8-month longitudinal study of the relation between phonological processing skills and reading in French and English. Participants were administered measures of phonological awareness, working memory, naming speed, and reading in both languages. The results of the concurrent analyses show that phonological awareness skills in both French and English were uniquely predictive of reading performance in both languages after accounting for the influences of cognitive ability, reading ability, working memory, and naming speed. These findings support the hypothesis that phonological awareness is strongly related to beginning word reading skill in an alphabetic orthography. The results of the longitudinal analyses also suggest that orthographic depth influences phonological factors related to reading.

Effects of Age, Form Class, and Word Frequency on Homogeneous Word Associations

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Gary M. Ingersoll
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Word Associations ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Association Response

Second- and sixth-grade children and adults ( ns = 20) were presented with a word-association task used by Brown and Berko. Adults were given both high- and low-frequency stimuli of the same form classes to assess the effects of word frequency on word associations. The results suggest that whether the word-association response is of the same or different form class as the stimulus word is related to the word-count frequency of the stimulus and S's age. Adults, presented low-frequency stimuli, respond like second-grade children, presented high-frequency stimuli.

Morphological awareness: Just “more phonological”? The roles of morphological and phonological awareness in reading development

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. HÉLÈNE DEACON ◽  
JOHN R. KIRBY
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Pseudoword Reading ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Single Word Reading

Given the morphophonemic nature of the English orthography, surprisingly few studies have examined the roles of morphological and phonological awareness in reading. This 4-year longitudinal study (Grades 2–5) compared these two factors in three aspects of reading development: pseudoword reading, reading comprehension, and single word reading. Morphological awareness contributed significantly to pseudoword reading and reading comprehension, after controlling prior measures of reading ability, verbal and nonverbal intelligence, and phonological awareness. This contribution was comparable to that of phonological awareness and remained 3 years after morphological awareness was assessed. In contrast, morphological awareness rarely contributed significantly to single word reading. We argue that these results provide evidence that morphological awareness has a wide-ranging role in reading development, one that extends beyond phonological awareness.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

Word frequency does not moderate the degree to which people can selectively attend to parts of visually presented words

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096906
Author(s):  
Todd A Kahan ◽  
Louisa M Slowiaczek ◽  
Ned Scott ◽  
Brian T Pfohl
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bigram Frequency ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Entire Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Whether attention is allocated to an entire word or can be confined to part of a word was examined in an experiment using a visual composite task. Participants saw a study word, a cue to attend to either the right or left half, and a test word, and indicated if the cued half of the words (e.g., left) was the same (e.g., TOLD-TONE) or different (e.g., TOLD-WINE). Prior research using this task reports a larger congruency effect for low-frequency words relative to high-frequency words but extraneous variables were not equated. In this study ( N = 33), lexical (orthographic neighbourhood density) and sublexical (bigram frequency) variables were controlled, and word frequency was manipulated. Results indicate that word frequency does not moderate the degree to which parts of a word can be selectively attended/ignored. Response times to high-frequency words were faster than response times to low-frequency words but the congruency effect was equivalent. The data support a capacity model where attention is equally distributed across low-frequency and high-frequency words but low-frequency words require additional processing resources.

scholarly journals Modality and Interrelations Among Language, Reading, Spoken Phonological Awareness, and Fingerspelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R Lederberg ◽  
Lee Branum-Martin ◽  
Mi-young Webb ◽  
Brenda Schick ◽  
Shirin Antia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Early Reading Skills ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Visual Learners

Abstract Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying early reading skills can lead to improved interventions. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine multivariate associations among reading, language, spoken phonological awareness, and fingerspelling abilities for three groups of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) beginning readers: those who were acquiring only spoken English (n = 101), those who were visual learners and acquiring sign (n = 131), and those who were acquiring both (n = 104). Children were enrolled in kindergarten, first, or second grade. Within-group and between-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that there were both similarities and differences in the abilities that underlie reading in these three groups. For all groups, reading abilities related to both language and the ability to manipulate the sublexical features of words. However, the groups differed on whether these constructs were based on visual or spoken language. Our results suggest that there are alternative means to learning to read. Whereas all DHH children learning to read rely on the same fundamental abilities of language and phonological processing, the modality, levels, and relations among these abilities differ.

Kindergarten Training in Phonological Awareness: Fluency and Comprehension Gains Are Greatest for Readers at Risk in Grades 1 Through 9

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Christina Kjeldsen ◽  
Lic Educ ◽  
Silja K. Saarento-Zaprudin ◽  
Pekka O. Niemi
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fluency And Comprehension

Training in phonological awareness has brought about well-documented positive effects on learning to read in lower-primary grades. Less is known about long-term gains extending to upper-primary and junior high school. The few longitudinal studies covering at least 5 years suggest that gains in decoding are sustained, whereas effects on reading comprehension have either not been studied or produced equivocal results. The present study followed up the reading development of 209 Finland Swedish students from kindergarten until Grade 9, half of whom participated in an 8-month phonological intervention in kindergarten. The intervention group outperformed the control group in both word reading and reading comprehension in Grades 1 through 9. However, albeit statistically significant, the differences at the group level were small. The main result was a clear-cut difference in both skills among readers at risk belonging to the lowest 25% in foundational skills at the beginning of kindergarten. In Grade 6, altogether 60% of the nontrained readers at risk still belonged to the lowest quartile in reading comprehension as opposed to 24% of their peers in the intervention group. The pattern was repeated in Grade 9, with trained readers at risk performing at the level of nontrained mainstream readers.

scholarly journals Learning to Read: the Case of Moroccan Students who Learn Spanish

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Aguilera-Jiménez ◽  
Carmen Delgado ◽  
Alfonso Luque ◽  
Francisco J. Moreno-Pérez ◽  
Isabel. R. Rodríguez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Immigrant Students ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Oral Vocabulary ◽  
L1 And L2

AbstractThe aims of this study are to assess L1 and L2 variables that influence the reading acquisition of students of Moroccan origin in the South of Spain and compare their reading ability with native Spanish-speaking children. Participants were 38 students of Moroccan origin and 37 native Spanish-speaking students from the same classes. We used an oral vocabulary test and a reading comprehension test, which taps lexical, semantic, and syntactic reading processes, and reading fluency. The results indicated that immigrant students differed from native Spanish-speaking students in word reading, reading fluency, and the use of punctuation marks, but there were no significant differences in reading comprehension. In native Spanish-speaking students, reading comprehension correlated significantly with oral vocabulary and the other reading processes, but in the students of Moroccan origin, only receptive oral vocabulary in L2 correlated with the use of punctuation marks. Being in schools with educational resources specifically aimed at helping the Moroccan pupils was associated with a higher level of word reading in immigrant students.

A comparison of the cognitive processes underlying reading comprehension in native English and ESL speakers

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline B. Low ◽  
Linda S. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Syntactic Awareness

The present study examined the relative role played by three cognitive processes — phonological processing, verbal working memory, syntactic awareness — in understanding the reading comprehension performance among 884 native English (L1) speakers and 284 English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) speakers in sixth-grade (mean age: 11.43 years). The performance of both groups of speakers were comparable on measures of word reading, word reading fluency, phonological awareness, phonological decoding fluency and verbal working memory. However, the ESL speakers lagged behind L1 speakers in terms of syntactic awareness. This study also emphasizes the importance of the three cognitive processes in establishing a common model of reading comprehension across English L1 and ESL reading.

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