Transient Cortical Stimulation To Alter Swallowing Physiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Ianessa A. Humbert
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Neurogenic Dysphagia ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Delayed Initiation ◽  
Motor Region

Abstract Older adults are disproportionately affected by swallowing impairment, or dysphagia, a condition that can lead to increased morbidity and death. Delayed initiation of swallowing is a common and devastating pathophysiology of neurogenic dysphagia, and also is experienced by healthy older adults, making functional swallowing less safe. It is still not known if differences in activation of the cortex (primary sensory motor region) are responsible for delays in swallowing initiation, or if it is the consequence of advancing age. The goals of this proposal are to understand the functional role of the primary sensory-motor cortex on swallowing initiation and to characterize the effect of aging on swallowing initiation with transient cortical disruption. The overall hypothesis is that transient disruption of the primary sensory-motor cortex will produce measurable delays in swallowing initiation in young and old adults, but older adults will have more pronounced deficits. This investigation will determine whether cortical areas are involved in initiating swallowing as well as the importance of timing on this function.

scholarly journals Anticipatory postural adjustments and spatial organization of motor cortex: evidence of adaptive compensations in healthy older adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 2796-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Armour Smith ◽  
Beth E. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Anticipatory Postural Adjustments ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Postural Adjustments ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Oblique

During anticipated postural perturbations induced by limb movement, the central nervous system generates anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in the trunk and hip musculature to minimize disturbances to equilibrium. Age-related changes in functional organization of the nervous system may contribute to changes in APAs in healthy older adults. Here we examined if altered APAs of trunk/hip musculature in older adults are accompanied by changes in the representation of these muscles in motor cortex. Twelve healthy older adults, 5 with a history of falls and 7 nonfallers, were compared with 13 young adults. APAs were assessed during a mediolateral arm raise task in standing. Temporal organization of postural adjustments was quantified as latency of APAs in the contralateral external oblique, lumbar paraspinals, and gluteus medius relative to activation of the deltoid. Spatial organization was quantified as extent of synergistic coactivation between muscles. Volume and location of the muscle representations in motor cortex were mapped using transcranial magnetic stimulation. We found that older adults demonstrated significantly delayed APAs in the gluteus medius muscle. Spatial organization of the three muscles in motor cortex differed between groups, with the older adults demonstrating more lateral external oblique representation than the other two muscles. Separate comparisons of the faller and nonfaller subgroups with young adults indicated that nonfallers had the greatest delay in gluteus medius APAs and a reduced distance between the representational areas of the lumbar paraspinals and gluteus medius. This study indicates that altered spatial organization of motor cortex accompanies altered temporal organization of APA synergies in older adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Anticipatory postural adjustments are a critical component of postural control. Here we demonstrate that, in healthy older adults with and without a history of falls, delayed anticipatory postural adjustments in the hip musculature during mediolateral perturbations are accompanied by altered organization of trunk/hip muscle representation in motor cortex. The largest adaptations are evident in older adults with no history of falls.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and pulse pressure as predictors of learning in a multicomponent intervention in healthy older adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonna Nilsson ◽  
Maria Ekblom ◽  
Olga Tarassova ◽  
Martin Lövdén
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Multicomponent Intervention ◽  
Predictive Role

This project concerns new analyses based on pre-existing data from a randomized controlled multicomponent intervention study combining physical exercise and cognitive training in healthy older adults. The project tests the predictive role of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and pulse pressure for learning in a working memory training context, in combination with physical exercise and in isolation. Specifically, two learning outcomes are considered: change in trained working memory tasks from before to after the intervention period (pre-post change) and day-by-day change in n-back performance during the intervention period (up to 32 timepoints). The results did not support a predictive role of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity or pulse pressure for learning in this particular study context. Please note that this document is intended solely as a report of the results pertaining to the registered hypotheses on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/h5npm), simply to ensure transparency also of the null findings. As such, this document is not intended for formal peer-review or publication. If you are interested in the results, please do not hesitate to contact the author of this document ([email protected]).

Effect of Resistance-Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Kai Chang ◽  
Chien-Yu Pan ◽  
Feng-Tzu Chen ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai ◽  
Chi-Chang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Cognitive Deterioration ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Exercises ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Several studies have demonstrated that exercise helps reduce or prevent cognitive deterioration among older adults, and recent studies have further examined the effects of resistance-exercise training on cognition. The purpose of this review was to examine the role of resistance-exercise training on cognition in healthy older adults. Specifically, it describes the definition, health benefits, and the design of resistance-exercise training. The authors also review the research related to resistance exercises and cognition and found that this exercise modality may enhance specific cognitive performances. Next, they examine the potential mechanisms underlying resistance exercise and cognitive enhancement. Finally, they consider potential therapeutics and recommendations for further research on resistance-exercise training and cognition in older adults.

Comparison of a linear and a non-linear model for using sensory–motor, cognitive, personality, and demographic data to predict driving ability in healthy older adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1759-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra A. Hoggarth ◽  
Carrie R.H. Innes ◽  
John C. Dalrymple-Alford ◽  
Julie E. Severinsen ◽  
Richard D. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Non Linear

Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. G354-G360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Kern ◽  
Safwan Jaradeh ◽  
Ronald C. Arndorfer ◽  
Reza Shaker
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Cortical Representation ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insular Region

The purpose of this study was to compare cerebral cortical representation of experimentally induced reflexive swallow with that of volitional swallow. Eight asymptomatic adults (24–27 yr) were studied by a single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Reflexive swallowing showed bilateral activity concentrated to the primary sensory/motor regions. Volitional swallowing was represented bilaterally in the insula, prefrontal, cingulate, and parietooccipital regions in addition to the primary sensory/motor cortex. Intrasubject comparison showed that the total volume of activity during volitional swallowing was significantly larger than that activated during reflexive swallows in either hemisphere ( P < 0.001). For volitional swallowing, the primary sensory/motor region contained the largest and the insular region the smallest volumes of activation in both hemispheres, and the total activated volume in the right hemisphere was significantly larger compared with the left ( P < 0.05). Intersubject comparison showed significant variability in the volume of activity in each of the four volitional swallowing cortical regions. We conclude that reflexive swallow is represented in the primary sensory/motor cortex and that volitional swallow is represented in multiple regions, including the primary sensory/motor cortex, insular, prefrontal/cingulate gyrus, and cuneus and precuneus region. Non-sensory/motor regions activated during volitional swallow may represent swallow-related intent and planning and possibly urge.

The Walking Ability in Healthy Older Adults: The Role of Aging and Physical Activity and Its Interface with Agility, Balance, Cognition, and Risk of Falls

2017 ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Sebastião ◽  
Flávia Gomes de Melo Coelho ◽  
Carla Manuela Crispim Nascimento ◽  
Larissa Pires de Andrade ◽  
Jessica Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Risk Of Falls
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