scholarly journals Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Wright ◽  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Ronan Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals A Non-electric and Affordable Surface Engineered Particle (SEP) based Point-of-Use (POU) Water Disinfection System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Dixit ◽  
Virupakshi Soppina ◽  
Chinmay Ghoroi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Binding Property ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is still a distant dream to millions of people around the world. Especially, people from the low-income group in the developing countries remain deprived of this fundamental right and causes millions of death. There is an urgent need to develop affordable and easy to handle water filter which can provide desired drinking water quality without any electricity. In the present work, a simple and low-cost surface engineered particle (SEP) based filter is developed via alkali treatment of soda-lime-silica particle. The SEP based filter can be used as a portable, non-electric, gravity-driven Point-of-Use (POU) water disinfection system. The developed SEP-based filter is capable to arrest the 99.48% (~2 to 2.5 log10 reduction) of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli OP50) on its surface from the water containing 3 × 108 cells/ml. No bacterial regrowth is observed in the purified water for 12 h. The performance of SEP bed filter is implicated to the nano-scale surface roughness, its distribution along with the surface charge and surface hydrophobicity which are favorable to attract and adhere the bacteria in the flowing water. The observation is consistent over multiple filtration cycles indicating the suitability of SEP based bed filter for POU water disinfection. The SEP surface with 0.05 mM Ag+ loading (SEP+) completely inactivated (>99.99999%) bacteria and protects any bacteria recontamination in the purified water for its long term usage. The strong and effective silver binding property of SEP surface enables very minimal silver loading and eliminates any health hazard due to low silver leaching (~50 ppb) which is well below the drinking water equivalent level (DWEL ≤ 100 ppb). In rural and urban slum areas of developing countries where no water purification system exists prior to consumption, the easy-to-implement and affordable SEP-based gravity-driven non-electric point-of-use water purifier (materials cost ~ 0.25 USD) can be used to protect millions of lives from water borne diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a new water treatment for point-of-use household applications to remove microorganisms and arsenic from drinking water

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip F. Souter ◽  
Graeme D. Cruickshank ◽  
Melanie Z. Tankerville ◽  
Bruce H. Keswick ◽  
Brian D. Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Contamination of drinking water by microorganisms and arsenic represents a major human health hazard in many parts of the world. An estimated 3.4 million deaths a year are attributable to waterborne diseases. Arsenic poisoning from contaminated water sources is causing a major health emergency in some countries such as Bangladesh where 35 to 77 million people are at risk.The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently recognized point-of-use water treatment as an effective means of reducing illness in developing country households. A new point-of-use water treatment system that is based on flocculation, sedimentation and disinfection was evaluated for the removal of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens as well as arsenic from drinking water to estimate its potential for use in developing countries.Tests were conducted with United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-model and field- sample waters from developing countries. Samples were seeded with known numbers of organisms, treated with the combined flocculation/disinfection product, and assayed for survivors using standard assay techniques appropriate for the organism.Results indicated that this treatment system reduced the levels from 108/l to undetectable (<1) of 14 types of representative waterborne bacterial pathogens including Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae. No Escherichia coli were detected post-treatment in 320 field water samples collected from five developing countries. In addition, the water treatment system reduced polio and rotavirus titres by greater than 4-log values. Cyrptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia inocula were reduced by greater than 3-log values following use of this water treatment system. Arsenic, added to laboratory test waters, was reduced by 99.8%, and naturally occurring arsenic in field samples from highly contaminated Bangladeshi wells was reduced by 99.5% to mean levels of 1.2 µg/l.This water treatment system has demonstrated the potential to provide improved drinking water to households in developing countries by removing microbial and arsenic contaminants.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Ronan Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
And Storage

In developing countries, the microbial contamination of household drinking water is implicated in the prevalence of various diseases. This systematic review is concerned with two health outcomes, general diarrhoea and cholera, and their relationship with water quality at point-of-use. Observational studies investigating this relationship are reviewed, as well as studies of home water treatment and storage interventions. For cholera, a clear relationship was found with contaminated water. Home water treatment and storage interventions were also found to reduce cholera. For general diarrhoea, no clear relationship was found with point-of-use water quality, although interventions did significantly reduce diarrhoeal incidence. Reasons for these apparently contradictory results concerning general diarrhoea are discussed and suggestions for further research offered. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.

Development of low cost point-of-use (POU) interventions for instant decontamination of drinking water in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 101435
Author(s):  
Rajshree Patil ◽  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
Pradeep Balkundae ◽  
Shankar Kausley ◽  
Chetan Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Inactivation of bacteria from contaminated streams in Limpopo, South Africa by silver- or copper-nanoparticle paper filters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Dankovich ◽  
Jonathan S. Levine ◽  
Natasha Potgieter ◽  
Rebecca Dillingham ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Copper Nanoparticle ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Contaminated Streams ◽  
Inactivation Of Bacteria

There is an urgent need for inexpensive point-of-use methods to purify drinking water in developing countries to reduce the incidence of illnesses caused by waterborne pathogens.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document