Effects of pyrolysis parameters on the yield and properties of biochar from pelletized sunflower husk

Pyrolysis of biomass residues from agriculture and food processing industry allows production of biochars with diverse physical and chemical properties for a wide range of applications in agriculture and environmental protection. Biochars produced from pelletized sunflower husks through slow pyrolysis in the range of temperatures (480–580°C) showed total carbon of 70.53%–81.96%, total nitrogen of 1.2%, alkaline pH (9.37–10.32), low surface area (0.93–2.91 m2 g-1) and porosity of 13.23–15.43%. Higher pyrolysis temperatures resulted in lower biochar yields. With the increase in temperature the content of organic matter, nitrogen, Ca and Mg decreased whereas the increase in temperature resulted in higher contents of total carbon and phosphorus. Produced biochars showed potential for agricultural applications.

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Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Poultry Sludge and its Suitability for Reuse in Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Applications

JORDANIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (JJECI) ◽

10.48103/jjeci4112021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 86-95

Author(s):

Fawzi Irshaid

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Waste Product ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Metal Concentrations ◽

Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Agricultural Applications ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Disposal of poultry sludge is one of the great challenges facing cities because of very strict requirements for landfilling and the scarcity of space for landfills. The present study was therefore aimed at evaluating the physical and chemical properties of poultry sludge and its suitability for reuse in agricultural and non-agricultural applications. Three samples were collected from sludge at the wastewater treatment plant of Al-Thuraya slaughterhouse in Al-Mafraq District, Jordan. The physical and biochemical properties of these samples were analyzed. Also, elemental composition and heat value were determined. The results indicated that poultry sludge had a slightly alkaline pH and a total moisture content of 20%, as well as an average total solid of 80%. The dry solid sludge had a volatile solid content of 94.9% and 5.1% of ash. Also, dry sludge had a high protein content (62 %) followed by carbohydrate (20%) and fiber (17%), with fat being around 1%. The major elements in the sludge were carbon (65.5%) followed by nitrogen (16%), phosphorous (5 %) and sulfur (2%). Heavy metal concentrations in dry sludge ranged from 0.01 to 2 mg/kg. These heavy metal concentrations were well below the safe limits recommended by legislators for sludge used as a fertilizer. The findings from this study revealed that dry poultry sludge offers a wide range of potential uses as fertilizer, animal feed and a source of energy, and it should be considered as a potentially valuable and sustainable resource rather than a waste product.

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Peculiarities of the Physicochemical Properties of Hydrated C60 Fullerene Solutions in a Wide Range of Dilutions

Frontiers in Physics ◽

10.3389/fphy.2021.627265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

O. Yablonskaya ◽

E. Buravleva ◽

K. Novikov ◽

V. Voeikov

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Buffering Capacity ◽

Deionized Water ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Aqueous Systems ◽

Wide Range ◽

High Dilutions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Control Water ◽

And Chemical Properties

Hydrated fullerene C60 (HyFn) is a supramolecular object in which the nanosized fullerene molecule is enclosed in a multilayer shell of water molecules. Despite the fact that fullerene C60 is chemically rather inert, aqueous solutions of HyFn exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activity in particular in low and ultra-low concentrations. Thus, physical and chemical properties of aqueous solutions of HyFn in a wide range of its dilutions are of interest. Here we compared some physical and chemical properties of aqueous systems prepared by successive 100-fold dilutions of HyFn (10–7 M) with deionized water, with their intensive shaking at each stage up to the calculated HyFn concentration of 10–31 M and of the corresponding “dilutions” of deionized water prepared in the same manner (controls). We studied the character of рН changes in dilutions when titrating them with HCl and NaOH. It turned out that HyFn dilutions had significantly higher buffering capacity against acidification with HCl than control water “dilutions.” At the highest acidity reached pH in all HyFn dilutions was almost 0.3 units higher than in the respective controls. Average buffering capacity of HyFn dilutions and water controls when titrated with NaOH did not differ. However, differences in buffering capacity could be seen between consecutive dilutions of HyFn at their titration either with NaOH or with HCl. Most prominent differences were observed between consecutive HyFn dilutions in the range of calculated concentrations 10–17–10–31 M titrated with NaOH while no significant differences in pH between equivalent “dilutions” of control water were observed. Similar though less prominent variations in buffering capacity between consecutive HyFn dilutions titrated with HCl were also noticed. Thus, titration with an acid and especially with an alkali made it possible to reveal differences between individual dilutions of HyFn, as well as differences between HyFn dilutions and corresponding dilutions of water. These features may be due to complexity in the structural properties of aqueous systems, which, supposedly, can arise due to the emergence of heterogenous aqueous regions (“clouds”) in the course of their dilutions with intensive mixing at each stage. In order to find out if such heterogeneity is a characteristic for HyFn dilutions we used the method of drying microsphere-containing droplets, whose aqueous base were either HyFn dilutions in the range of calculated HyFn concentration 10–7–10–31 M or respective water controls. It was found that a significant part of HyFn dilutions is characterized by mesoscopic heterogeneity. It showed up by the tendency of microspheres to concentrate in a specific way resembling ornaments once the droplets had dried. As the degree of HyFn dilution increased, the number of dried droplets with an ornament-like microsphere distribution increased. Same was also observed in water control drops. However, for the dilutions of HyFn equivalent to concentrations 10–19–10–31 M the percentage of complexly structured dried up droplets reached 60–80%, while for dried out drops of respective water controls it did not exceed 15–20%. Thus, the physicochemical properties of high dilutions of hydrated fullerene differ not only from each other dependently on the dilution level, but also from those of high dilutions of water, which can be explained by the structuredness and heterogeneity of these aqueous systems. Therefore, upon dilution process the properties of the solutions change according to complex and non-linear laws so that final dilutions cannot be identical in their properties and features to those of the initial solutions (before dilutions process) and to the untreated water. Dilution process, in view of the aforementioned, should not be underestimated when analyzing properties of the solutions, having shown to be able to affect dramatically properties of the solutions.

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Sensing Uric Acid with Bimetallic Nano Ag-Pt Particles

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.72 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 543 ◽

pp. 72-75

Author(s):

Balakrishnan Karthikeyan ◽

Marimuthu Murugavelu

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

High Surface ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Major Product ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The emergence of nanoparticles (NPs) has opened new opportunities in analytical chemistry [. These NPs exhibit different properties and functionalities when compared to monometallic particles. In particular, they show enhanced selectivity and reactivity when used as catalysts and sensors [2-. The NPs have large surface area, high surface free energy, good biocompatibility and suitability, and it has been used in constructing electrochemical biosensors [7, . The fascinating physical and chemical properties of NPs offer excellent prospects for a wide range of bio sensing applications [ . Uric acid (UA) is the principal final product of purine metabolism in the human body [1. It has been shown that extreme abnormalities of UA levels are symptoms of several diseases (e.g. gout, hyper uricaemia and LeschNyhan syndrome)[11,1.In general, electro active UA can be irreversibly oxidized in aqueous solution and the major product is allantoin [1. In continuation of our interest with the bimetal nanoparticle (BNP) sensing here in this study, we employed Ag/Pt BNPs for detecting of UA.

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Silicon Dioxide Film Deposited by New Process

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-105-283 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Takuji Goda ◽

Hirotsugu Nagayama ◽

Akihiro Hishinuma ◽

Hideo Kawahara

Keyword(s):

Silicon Dioxide ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Etching Rate ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Silicon Dioxide Film ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

AbstractA new coating process of silicon dioxide (SiO2) “LPD” process, has been developed recently. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) film can be deposited on any substrate at the room temperature by immersing in hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6).In this study, physical and chemical properties of the “LPD- SiO2” film were investigated by using XPS, IR, ellipsometry, and etch rate measurement. The properties of this film deposited at the room temperature were almost the same as those of plasma CVD. The “LPD-SiO2” film without annealing was contained traces of F and OH. However, by annealing, F and OH were rapidly evaporated from the film and the film was getting densified.As the “LPD-SiO2” film deposited at the room temperature showed very good results of chemical etching rate and of step coverage, it is expected that it is possible to use this “LPD- SiO2” film in the wide range of industrial area.

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Variability in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Retail Potting Media

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0752 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 752-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amanda Wiberg ◽

Richard Koenig ◽

Teresa Cerny-Koenig

Keyword(s):

Salt Lake ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Salt Lake City ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Potting Media ◽

Lake City ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Popular press articles report that consumers often experience inconsistent results with retail potting media; however, few reports in the popular or scientific literature have quantified the variability in media properties. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability in physical and chemical properties among different brands of retail potting media and within certain brands. Twenty-four different packages of branded media, and multiple packages of five brands, were acquired from nine regional and national retail chain stores located in the Salt Lake City, Utah, area. Samples were analyzed for five physical and nine chemical properties. The coefficients of variation (cvs) among brands for initial gravimetric water content, bulk density, porosity, water retention, and air space were 85%, 74%, 21%, 59%, and 44%, respectively. The cvs among brands for saturated media (SM) pH, SM extract electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and C:N ratio were 18%, 81%, 132%, 153%, 96%, 78%, 71%, 36%, 45%, and 49%, respectively. Only one of the 24 brands met all published standards for chemical properties of premium media. Thirteen of the brands did not meet standards for NO3-N; 12 did not meet standards for pH; and six did not meet standards for EC. There was more variation in physical and chemical properties among brands than within a brand of media. Label information describing media composition was not consistent with certain physical and chemical properties. No recommendations can be made which would allow consumers to select media that meets published standards. These results indicate better awareness of and/or adherence to standards is needed by the retail media industry to improve product quality and consistency.

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Functionalized and Degradable Polyphthalaldehyde Derivatives

10.26434/chemrxiv.8870324 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

J. Patrick Lutz ◽

Oleg Davydovich ◽

Matthew Hannigan ◽

Jeffrey S. Moore ◽

Paul M. Zimmerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Cationic Polymerization ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Ceiling Temperature ◽

Wide Range ◽

Judicious Choice ◽

Degradable Materials ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

<div><p>Polymers that depolymerize back to monomers can be repeatedly chemically recycled, thereby reducing their environmental impact. Polyphthalaldehyde is a metastable polymer that is rapidly and quantitatively depolymerized due to its low ceiling temperature. However, the effect of substitution on the physical and chemical properties of polyphthalaldehyde derivatives has not been systematically studied. Herein, we investigate the cationic polymerization of seven distinct <i>o</i>‑phthalaldehyde derivatives and demonstrate that judicious choice of substituents results in materials with a wide range of ceiling temperatures (from < –60 to 106 °C) and decomposition temperatures (109–196 °C). We anticipate that these new polymers and their derivatives will enable researchers to access degradable materials with tunable thermal, physical, and chemical properties.</p></div>

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Evaluation Abu-Dleek Sheep Leathers Properties

International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ◽

10.23880/izab-16000201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Nasr AI

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Arid Conditions ◽

Hot Climate ◽

Chrome Tanning ◽

Wide Range ◽

Animal Hair ◽

Vegetable Tanning ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Abu-Dleek sheep are from animal hair producers and live under arid conditions and hot climate. This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of Abu-Dleek tanned leathers. Fifteen sheep skins were collected and divided into three tanning groups; chrome tanning, vegetable tanning with quebracho and vegetable tanning with mimosa. After tanning, all tanned leathers were tested physically and chemically. Data showed increments in tensile strengh, tearing strengh, bursing stretch, permeabiliy of water vapor, pH and ash values of chrome tanned leathers versus vegetable tanned leathers. The results declared the superurity of the chrome tanned leathers’ quality, while quebrcho tanned leathers’ quality was surpased mimosa tanned leathers. It could be concluded the convenient of Abu-Dleek tanned leathers to be used in a wide range of manufacuring purposes like garments, bags and lining.

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Effects of short-term grazing prohibition on soil physical and chemical properties of meadows in Southwest China

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.11598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e11598

Author(s):

Guiqing Zhu ◽

Chaoxiang Yuan ◽

Hede Gong ◽

Yanling Peng ◽

Changjiang Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Southwest China ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Average Height ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Short Term ◽

Subalpine Meadow ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Background Grassland plays an important role in the ecosystem, but overgrazing harms the grassland system in many places. Grazing prohibition is an effective method to restore grassland ecosystems, and it plays a great role in realizing the sustainable development of grassland systems. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out research on the influence of regional grazing prohibition on the physical and chemical properties of different grassland systems. Methods In Potatso National Park, Southwest China, we selected experimental plots in the artificial grazing meadow area to study the effects of grazing prohibition on plant and soil indexes in subalpine meadows and swamp meadows. We investigated the biomass and species diversity of grazing prohibition treatment and grazing treatment plots and sampled and tested the soil index. The variation percentage was used to remove the original heterogeneity and yearly variation, allowing us to compare differences in plant index and soil index values between grazing prohibition and grazing treatments. Results Grazing prohibition increased the aboveground biomass, total biomass, total meadow coverage, average height, richness index, Shannon diversity index and evenness index and reduced the belowground biomass and root/shoot ratio in the subalpine meadow and swamp meadow. Additionally, grazing prohibition reduced the pH and soil bulk density and increased the soil total carbon, soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil hydrolyzable nitrogen, soil total phosphorus and soil available phosphorus in the subalpine meadow and swamp meadow. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that both plant indexes and soil indexes were significantly different between grazing and grazing prohibition treatments and between meadow types. Short-term grazing prohibition had a great impact on improving the fertility of meadow soil in the study area. We suggest that long-term and extensive research should be carried out to promote the restoration and sustainable development of regional grassland systems.

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DIVISION VI: INTERSTELLAR MATTER

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921308025659 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 4 (T27A) ◽

pp. 267-272

Author(s):

Thomas J. Millar ◽

You Hua Chu ◽

John E. Dyson ◽

Dieter Breitschwerdt ◽

Michael G. Burton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milky Way ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Interstellar Matter ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Division VI provides a focus for astronomers studying a wide range of problems related to the physical and chemical properties of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies.

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The Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Sodium Pyroxenite Gangue in Baiyunebo Iron Ore

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.939 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 887-888 ◽

pp. 939-946

Author(s):

Guo Ping Luo ◽

Sheng Li Wu ◽

Xiao Long Nie ◽

Yi Ci Wang ◽

Yue Cong Wang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Iron Ore ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The changes of physical and chemical properties of sodium pyroxenite gangue such as decomposition and phase transformation were researched by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the natural sodium pyroxenite gangue contains the main mineral of aegirite(NaFe+3Si2O6), and it contains a number of BaSO4 and Na3Ca2(SO4)3F, etc. The water of crystallization decomposes at 554.7°C. The Na3Ca2(SO4)3F decomposes into the composite sulfate and CaF2 over a wide range of temperatures. The main mineral of aegirite(NaFe+3Si2O6) reacts with CaF2 into NaF gas at 993.4°C. The sodium pyroxenite gangue is melts and releases a small amount of SiF4 gas in the range of 1193.5-1300.7°C.

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