Smart energy management of combined ventilation systems in a nZEB

The high energy consumption, attached to a high energy demand in buildings, has led the development of several research projects with the target of reducing the energy consumption in the buildings. As a result of this high consumption, the increased CO2 emissions that have been generated in recent years, have reached alarming levels, which is why it is necessary to reduce the environmental impact which we are contributing to our planet through the use of energy. The European Directive on Building Performance (EPBD 2018/844/EU), recently updated, requires new buildings to be close to the Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs), increasing the use of renewable energies on-site, and also highlight how to get to improve the cost-effective renovation of existing buildings with the introduction of building control and automation systems ( smart systems), as well as the energy savings and increase the efficiency of energy systems, by reducing CO2 emissions. The use of new renewable energy technologies integrated in buildings, with the aim of reducing the consumption of the facilities that all nZEB buildings must have, such as the ventilation system used as an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) control technique. In this study, the energy management of the enthalpy ventilation control system is analysed, where dynamic monitoring is going on in the building controlled through Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), in combination with different ventilation systems as free-cooling, heat recovery and geothermal energy of an Earth Air Heat eXchanger (EAHX), all of them as strategies implemented in a real nZEB building (LUCIA) located on the campus at the University of Valladolid, with the goal of improving energy efficiency in ventilation. In order to get this aims, monitoring data of several energy parameters (temperature, air velocity, air flow rate, enthalpy, etc.) are measurements, they allow us to perform a control of the combined ventilation systems to achieve a high IAQ and analyze an optimization of the energy efficiency of the all systems and to study of energy recovery and savings of carbon emissions that directly affect the reduction of the impact of climate change. The results achieved are the energy efficiency of the building in ventilation and optimum system operation in cooling and heating mode. In addition, by controlling the ventilation, the IAQ of the nZEB building is improved.

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Industrial Decarbonization by a New Energy-Baseline Methodology. Case Study

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12051960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1960

Author(s):

Rosaura Castrillón-Mendoza ◽

Javier M. Rey-Hernández ◽

Francisco J. Rey-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Management ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Energy Performance ◽

High Energy ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Raw Material ◽

Management Plans ◽

The Impact

The main target of climate change policies in the majority of industrialized countries is to reduce energy consumption in their facilities, which would reduce the carbon emissions that are generated. Through this idea, energy management plans are developed, energy reduction targets are established, and energy-efficient technologies are applied to achieve high energy savings, which are environmentally compatible. In order to evaluate the impact of their operations and investments, companies promote measures of performance in their energy management plans. An integral part of measuring energy performance is the establishment of energy baselines applicable to the complete facility that provide a basis for evaluating energy efficiency improvements and incorporating energy performance indicators. The implementation of energy management systems in accordance with the requirements of ISO Standard 50001 is a contribution to the aim and strategies for improving cleaner production in industries. This involves an option for the industry to establish energy benchmarks to evaluate performance, predict energy consumption, and align production with the lowest possible consumption of primary and secondary forms of energy. Ultimately, this goal should lead to the manufacturing of cleaner products that are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and are in accordance with the global environmental targets of cleaner manufacturing. This paper discusses an alternative for establishing energy baselines for the industrial sector in which several products are produced from a single raw material, and we determined the energy consumption of each product and its impact on the overall efficiency of the industry at the same time. The method is applied to the plastic injection process and the result is an energy baseline (EBL) in accordance with the requirements of ISO 50001, which serves as a reference for determining energy savings. The EBL facilitates a reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in sectors such as plastics, a sector which accounts for 15% of Colombia’s manufacturing GDP.

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Automatic Sensor and Meter Arrangement System for Building Energy Management

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.746 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 253-255 ◽

pp. 746-750

Author(s):

Jong Won Kim ◽

Youn Kwae Jeong ◽

Il Woo Lee

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Management ◽

Indoor Environment ◽

Building Energy ◽

Energy Management System ◽

Sensor Arrangement ◽

Building Energy Management ◽

Save Energy ◽

The Impact

Building Energy Management System (BEMS) can save energy and minimize the impact on the environment due to energy efficiency technologies and systems. The most important things of Building Energy Management are the monitoring of indoor environment in a building by various sensors and the measurement of energy consumption in a building by various meters. We need to arrange sensors and meters automatically, and develop an automatic sensor and meter arrangement system being usable in any kinds of wired or wireless network. In this paper, we propose an automatic sensor and meter arrangement system for building energy management and explain each component operation of an automatic sensor and meter arrangement system for building energy management, a sensor arrangement simulator and a meter arrangement simulator.

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A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING AIR-CONDITIONED BUILDINGS IN KUWAIT

Journal of Green Building ◽

10.3992/jgb.16.1.163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 163-178

Author(s):

Aboelyazied Kulaib ◽

Abdulrahim Kalendar ◽

Shafqat Hussain ◽

Yousuf Alhendal

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Management ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Cooling Capacity ◽

High Energy ◽

Remedial Measures ◽

Target Energy ◽

Ac Systems

ABSTRACT In Kuwait air-conditioning systems consume approximately 70% of the grid energy during the long summer months. In this paper, various practical approaches are investigated to enhance the energy efficiency and decrease the energy consumption of five existing air-conditioned (AC) buildings in Kuwait City. The process of energy management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait is overwhelming due to high energy consumption in the building sector. This study proposed an optimization technique for the proper energy management of installed AC systems to target energy-efficient buildings. In this study the aim is to explore the effect of different operating parameters, both theoretically and experimentally, and to contribute to the reduction of AC energy consumption. Consequently, the relationship between the thermal load in the air-conditioned buildings and the actual electrical energy consumption is determined, and remedial measures, along with different recommendations for energy saving, are presented. The actual thermal loads of each selected building were calculated and compared with the installed cooling capacity of the AC systems. From the results obtained it was concluded that, by implementing the suggested remedial measures, the predicted load in the selected buildings could be decreased significantly from the existing installed capacity of the cooling systems. Most of the remedial measures suggested for energy management lead to a reduction in power consumption and increased energy efficiency at different levels based on the specifications of the buildings considered and the AC systems installed, resulting in improved in economy, a reduced carbon footprint, and a cleaner environment.

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Sustainable Water Supply Systems Management for Energy Efficiency: A Case Study

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14165101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 5101

Author(s):

Izabela Zimoch ◽

Ewelina Bartkiewicz ◽

Joanna Machnik-Slomka ◽

Iwona Klosok-Bazan ◽

Adam Rak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Water Supply ◽

Energy Management ◽

Water Demand ◽

High Energy ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Systems Management ◽

Hydraulic Models ◽

Supply Systems

A prerequisite for achieving high energy efficiency of water supply systems (understood as using less energy to perform the same task) is the appropriate selection of all elements and their rational use. Energy consumption in water supply systems (WSS) is closely connected with water demand. Especially in the case of oversized water supply systems for which consumers’ water demand is at least 50% less than previously planned and flow velocity in some parts of the system is below 0.01 m·s−1, this problem of excessive energy consumption can be observed. In the literature, it is difficult to find descriptions and methods of energy management for such a case. The purpose of this study was both an evaluation of the current demand of an oversized WSS and a preliminary technical analysis of the possibility for energy saving. Solutions are presented that resulted in improvements in energy management, thus increasing energy efficiency. The conducted analyses indicate the wide use of numerical, hydraulic models, among others, for the needs of the sustainable oversize water supply systems management in order to improve energy efficiency. Those simulations only give energy consumption results as a first step in the process of decision-making for the modernization process, in which investment costs should be taken into account as a second step. Thus, this paper emphasizes the crucial role of hydraulic models as a good analytical tool used in decision support systems (DSS), especially for large, oversized water supply systems.

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Increasing Energy Efficiency in Water Collection Systems by Submersible PMSM Well Pumps

Water ◽

10.3390/w10101310 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcus Beck ◽

Alexander Sperlich ◽

Ricardo Blank ◽

Eckehard Meyer ◽

Ralf Binz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Savings ◽

High Energy ◽

Pump Efficiency ◽

Groundwater Abstraction ◽

Additional Increase ◽

Global Efficiency ◽

Water Collection ◽

The Impact

Water collection based on groundwater abstraction has a high energy consumption that depends primarily on the operation and performance of submersible well pumps. The fact of the matter is that these machines still work with a global energy efficiency of less than 50%, and further investigations of the energy aspects in well pumps are needed. The present study introduces measures to increase the global efficiency of submersible well pumps linked to electrical energy savings. Common submersible pumps with asynchronous motors (ASMs) were compared with innovative permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) technology in real well fields in Berlin and Hamburg waterworks. This study confirms that PMSM pumps showed a 6.8%-points higher global efficiency compared to ASM pumps at optimal working points. The investigation of the impact of well field operation on local pump efficiency offers an additional increase in the global efficiency. In this context, the influence of variable speed control on the global efficiency and the energy consumption was analyzed. Global efficiencies of over 70%, and potential energy savings of up to 20%, were determined for the speed-controlled PMSM pump. This offers water suppliers new incentives to optimize their water collection systems for less energy consumption.

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Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems and their Physical Quantification

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1203 (2) ◽

pp. 022045

Author(s):

Boris Bielek ◽

Daniel Szabó ◽

Josip Klem ◽

Roman Grolmus

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Heat Recovery ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

High Energy ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Indoor Climate ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Ventilation Systems

Abstract The essence of ventilation is the exchange of air in the room for fresh outside air. At the same time ventilation is a factor that can significantly affect the energy efficiency of a building. Hygienic requirements for ventilation of interiors of buildings in the context of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings lead to the transformation of unregulated ventilation by infiltration to regulated ventilation systems with heat recovery. The regulated ventilation system makes it possible to optimize the ventilation intensity on the basis of a stimulus from the room user or automatically on the basis of sensors monitoring the quality of the indoor climate (temperature and relative humidity, CO2 concentration in the air, etc.). In addition, if we use a ventilation system with heat recovery from the exhaust air to preheat the fresh supply air to the room, we can achieve high energy efficiency of the building by meeting the hygienic criteria of the indoor climate. The article describes heat recovery ventilation systems and their basic conceptual solutions applied in the modern architecture. The heat exchange between the hot exhaust air and the cold supply air in the winter takes place in heat recovery ventilation units in the heat exchanger. The efficiency of heat recovery defines how much heat we can transfer from the exhaust air to the fresh air in the heat recovery exchanger. The article analyses individual factors influencing the efficiency of heat recovery. Due to the fact that the manufacturers of heat recovery ventilation units declare in their brochures or websites the values of the maximum efficiencies of their products, we were interested in their real efficiencies under normal operating conditions. Therefore, we subjected to experimental research in a large climate chamber a product from the German manufacturer Lunos, namely a specific type of decentralized heat recovery unit Lunos Nexxt E. The article describes the methodology of laboratory experiment, used experimental basis, brings and analyses measurement results and calculates real efficiency of the subject heat recovery in accordance with STN EN 13 141. In the end it compares measured values with the values from the manufacturer.

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Socio-Economic Effect on ICT-Based Persuasive Interventions Towards Energy Efficiency in Tertiary Buildings

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071700 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1700 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego Casado-Mansilla ◽

Apostolos C. Tsolakis ◽

Cruz E. Borges ◽

Oihane Kamara-Esteban ◽

Stelios Krinidis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Economic Effect ◽

High Energy ◽

Survey Analysis ◽

Self Assessment ◽

Environmental Behaviour ◽

Pilot Survey ◽

The Impact

Occupants of tertiary environments rarely care about their energy consumption. This fact is even more accentuated in cases of buildings of public use. Such unawareness has been identified by many scholars as one of the main untapped opportunities with high energy saving potential in terms of cost-effectiveness. Towards that direction, there have been numerous studies exploring energy-related behaviour and the impact that our daily actions have on energy efficiency, demand response and flexibility of power systems. Nevertheless, there are still certain aspects that remain controversial and unidentified, especially in terms of socio-economic characteristics of the occupants with regards to bespoke tailored motivational and awareness-based campaigns. The presented work introduces a two-step survey, publicly available through Zenodo repository that covers social, economic, behavioural and demographic factors. The survey analysis aims to fully depict the drivers that affect occupant energy-related behaviour at tertiary buildings and the barriers which may hinder green actions. Moreover, the survey reports evidence on respondents’ self-assessment of fifteen known principles of persuasion intended to motivate them to behave pro-environmentally. The outcomes from the self-assessment help to shed light on understanding which of the Persuasive Principles may work better to nudge different user profiles towards doing greener actions at workplace. This study was conducted in four EU countries, six different cities and seven buildings, reaching more than three-hundred-and-fifty people. Specifically, a questionnaire was delivered before (PRE) and after (POST) a recommendation-based intervention towards pro-environmental behaviour through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The findings from the PRE-pilot stage were used to refine the POST-pilot survey (e.g., we removed some questions that did not add value to one or several research questions or dismissed the assessment of Persuasive Principles (PPs) which were of low value to respondents in the pre-pilot survey). Both surveys validate “Cause and Effect”, “Conditioning” and “Self-monitoring” as the top PPs for affecting energy-related behaviour in a workplace context. Among other results, the descriptive and prescriptive analysis reveals the association effects of specific barriers, pro-environmental intentions and confidence in technology on forming new pro-environmental behaviour. The results of this study intend to set the foundations for future interventions based on persuasion through ICT to reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Among all types of tertiary buildings, we emphasise on the validity of the results provided for buildings of public use.

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Improving the Energy Efficiency, Limiting Costs and Reducing CO2 Emissions of a Museum Using Geothermal Energy and Energy Management Policies

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12163192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 3192 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gianluca Cadelano ◽

Francesco Cicolin ◽

Giuseppe Emmi ◽

Giulia Mezzasalma ◽

Davide Poletto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Management ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

High Energy ◽

Geothermal Systems ◽

Historical Building ◽

Management Policies

Museums are major energy consumers amongst buildings, especially if they are housed in historical constructions. Museums usually present high energy demand for the air-conditioning due to their architectonical and structural characteristics, such as the presence of large exhibition rooms and open spaces. At the same time, temperature and humidity have to be strictly controlled in order to assure proper microclimate conditions for the conservation of the housed collections and adequate thermal comfort for visitors and personnel. Moreover, despite being subjected to architectural protection that limits most structural refurbishment interventions, these buildings must be adequate from an energy point of view to allow their reuse or continuity of use according to current quality standards, while retaining their heritage significance. In this awkward context, ground source heat pump working with high temperature terminals is proposed as a viable refurbishment solution. The use of shallow geothermal systems can improve the energy efficiency of the heating ventilation air-conditioning systems and, at the same time, increases the renewable energy source exploitation without affecting the indoor environmental conditions. However, after the interventions, the expected benefits and the sought-after limitation of energy consumption/cost may not occur for different reasons. In fact, even if the installed solution is working perfectly and properly designed, every effort will be in vain if adequate attention is not paid to the management of the plants during the operational phase. This document is meant to evaluate and compare the magnitude that invasive (i.e., technical interventions) and not invasive (i.e., energy management policies) actions respectively and their combined interaction, have on a museum. Through energy simulations it has been possible to quantify the effects that different interventions and energy management strategies had on an existing museum housed in an historical building, from energy consumption, energy costs and CO2 emission standpoints.

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Overall Efficiency of On-Site Production and Storage of Solar Thermal Energy

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1360

Author(s):

Teodora M. Șoimoșan ◽

Ligia M. Moga ◽

Livia Anastasiu ◽

Daniela L. Manea ◽

Aurica Căzilă ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Multicriteria Analysis ◽

High Energy ◽

Solar Thermal ◽

Solar Thermal Energy ◽

The Impact ◽

And Storage

Harnessing renewable energy sources (RES) using hybrid systems for buildings is almost a deontological obligation for engineers and researchers in the energy field, and increasing the percentage of renewables within the energy mix represents an important target. In crowded urban areas, on-site energy production and storage from renewables can be a real challenge from a technical point of view. The main objectives of this paper are quantification of the impact of the consumer’s profile on overall energy efficiency for on-site storage and final use of solar thermal energy, as well as developing a multicriteria assessment in order to provide a methodology for selection in prioritizing investments. Buildings with various consumption profiles lead to achieving different values of performance indicators in similar configurations of storage and energy supply. In this regard, an analysis of the consumption profile’s impact on overall energy efficiency, achieved in the case of on-site generation and storage of solar thermal energy, was performed. The obtained results validate the following conclusion: On-site integration of solar systems allowed the consumers to use RES at the desired coverage rates, while restricted by on-site available mounting areas for solar fields and thermal storage, under conditions of high energy efficiencies. In order to segregate the results and support optimal selection, a multicriteria analysis was carried out, having as the main criteria the energy efficiency indicators achieved by hybrid heating systems.

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People or Systems: Does Productivity Enhancement Matter More than Energy Management in LEED Certified Buildings?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132413863 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 13863

Author(s):

Yana Akhtyrska ◽

Franz Fuerst

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Management ◽

Energy Use ◽

Management Practices ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Occupant Comfort ◽

Energy Use Intensity ◽

Using Data ◽

Advanced Metering ◽

The Impact

This study examines the impact of energy management and productivity-enhancing measures, implemented as part of LEED Existing Buildings Operations and Management (EBOM) certification, on source energy use intensity and rental premiums of office spaces using data on four major US markets. Energy management practices, comprised of commissioning and advanced metering, may reduce energy usage. Conversely, improving air quality and occupant comfort in an effort to increase worker productivity may in turn lead to higher overall energy consumption. The willingness to pay for these features in rental office buildings is hypothesised to depend not only on the extent to which productivity gains enhance the profits of a commercial tenant but also on the lease arrangements for passing any energy savings to the tenant. We apply a difference-in-differences method at a LEED EBOM certification group level and a multi-level modelling approach with a panel data structure. The results indicate that energy management and indoor environment practices have the expected effect on energy consumption as described above. However, the magnitude of the achieved rental premiums appears to be independent of the lease type.

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