scholarly journals Profitability of biomass production in relation to harvesting technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kwaśniewski ◽  
Maciej Kuboń ◽  
Urszula Malaga-Toboła
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Other Hand

The aim of the paper was to determine the production costs and profitability of biomass production from Virginia mallow including various harvesting technologies. The paper covered theoretical calculation of the production costs of biomass form Virginia mallow with the use of the computer application “Biocalculator”. Calculations were made for a plantation with the surface area of 5 ha and four technologies of harvesting and the product form (pressed straw, chaff). The paper determines the profitability of production of biomass from Virginia mallow for four variants of sale prices of biomass at the level of 100, 120, 140 and 150 PLN∙t-1. In case of T1 technology all assumed prices of sale of Virginia mallow biomass with the obtained production costs were profitable. On the other hand, in T3 and T4 technology, the scope of sale prices from 120 to 150 PLN∙t-1 caused that the biomass production was profitable. While, the least profitable was application of T2 technology where only at the assessment of biomass sale 150 PLN∙t-1 production was profitable and in the remaining price options the profit was not obtained.

Conclusion

Hydropolitics ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Christine Folch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Price ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Financial Arrangements

This chapter talks about future possibilities relating to the Itaipú Binational Dam. In 2023, important parts of the binational treaty must be renegotiated, and the financial arrangements are once again up for grabs. That year, unless an additional US$4 billion in debt is discovered, the massive construction debt will be paid off. But it is unclear how this will affect the tariff. If the present tariff formula holds and energy production costs are the limits for the energy price, the tariff will plummet by more than 60 percent. Energy experts are concerned that this will lead to haphazard energy waste by the largest consumers, rather than a strategic industrialization plan. On the other hand, politicians in the Paraguayan executive and legislative have begun discussions on what to do with US$1 billion more in royalties. But the hydrostate history of Itaipú illustrates the weaknesses in either transferring more energy rent to the Paraguayan government without enforceable development investment plans or of effectively subsidizing Paraguay's current electricity users, who are disproportionately wealthy, without implementing a strategy to increase energy access to the vast majority of Paraguay.

scholarly journals Impacts of financial distress on real and accrual earnings management

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Danella Rachel Muljono ◽  
Kim Sung Suk
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Earnings Management ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
The Impact

This research investigates the impact of financial distress on the magnitude of different earnings management approaches, namely real earnings management and accruals earnings management. This research utilizes a total of 2002 firm-year observations from 259 publicly-listed companies and 20 sub-industries in Indonesia from the year 2005 to 2014. Financial distress causes a significant increase of real earnings management and a significant decrease of accruals earnings management. It means that the healthier the company, the bigger the magnitude of real earnings management that is conducted through managing production costs and discretionary expenses. On the other hand, the lower the financial health of the company, the bigger the magnitude of accruals earnings management that is conducted through managing discretionary component of accruals.

scholarly journals PENGARUH BIAYA PRODUKSI TERHADAP HASIL PRODUKSI PADA HOME INDUSTRI SAMBEL PECEL DI KOTA MADIUN

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iin Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
At Home

This study aims to determine the production cost home industry of sambel pecel, to determine sambel pecel production in Madiun, and to know is there any effect on the cost of production yield at home industry of sambel pecel Madiun. The samples in this study using a sample that is saturated all home industries of sambel pecel in the city of Madiun, amounting to 34 Home industry of pecel. Data collection using interviews and documentation. In analyzing the data used linear regression analysis to test the hypothesis put forward in this study.The results showed that the cost of production has an influence as well as a positive relationship to yield at Home industry of sambel pecel in the city of Madiun. It is derived from the value rhit rtab 0.339 0.982 whereas on the other hand Sighit value of 0.00 and Sigpro ≤ 0.05. This means that rhit ≥ rtab (0.982 ≥ 0.339) or Sighit ≤Sigpro (0.00 ≤ 0.05), which suggested a rejection of H0 means that production costs have a relationship with industrial production at home industry of sambel pecel at Madiun city. It also obtained the Fhit, while the value of 875.064 Ftab 4,149 value on the other hand is known Sighit 0.00 and Sigpro 0.05. This means that the Fhit ≥ Ftab (4.149≥875.064) ≤ Sighit≤ Sigpro (0,00 ≤ 0,05). Meaning a rejection of H0 which indicates that there is a cost impact of production on industrial production at home industry of sambel pecel at Madiun city. Also obtained regression coefficients (t test) with thit 29.581 ttab 1.693 on the other hand Sighit 0.00 and Sigpro 0.05. This means that the thit ≥ ttab(29.581 ≥ 1.693) or Sighit ≤ Sigpro (0,00 ≤ 0,05). Results R2 of 96.5%. Showed that 96.5% of the variable cost of production is affected production, while the remaining 3.5% is influenced by other factors.

scholarly journals Harvesting Technologies and Costs of Biomass Production from Energy Crops Cultivated on Farms in the Małopolska Region

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kwaśniewski ◽  
Aleksandra Płonka ◽  
Paweł Mickiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
A Value ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Perennial Energy Crops

This study aimed to assess biomass production costs from perennial energy crops, such as Miscanthus giganteus, Sida hermaphrodita, and coppiced willow, in selected agricultural holdings. This assessment was based on applied technologies for harvesting the biomass of the energy crops mentioned above. The scope of the study included research on ten farms located in Małopolska and establishing the possibility of biomass production from selected energy crops in these entities. Biomass production costs have been estimated using the computer application “Bioalkylation”. The result of the research was the answer to the question: what can be the cost range of biomass production from perennial energy crops for the crops Miscanthus giganteus, Sida hermaphrodita, and coppiced willow as the most popular plants? The study shows that production costs depend primarily on the harvesting technology used and the machinery used in the farm. The harvest with rotary mowers, small presses, and windrows was applied regarding Miscanthus giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita. The costs of biomass production were, on average, 424.7 EUR ha−1 for Miscanthus giganteus and 278.9 EUR ha−1 for Sida hermaphrodita. Concerning tonne, this was 37.6 EUR t−1 for Miscanthus giganteus and 30.0 EUR t−1 for Sida hermaphrodita, respectively. In the case of harvesting energy willow, in the form of whole shoots, inefficient and labour-intensive technologies using chainsaws and combustion cutters were applied. The biomass production costs were thus the highest among the assessed plants and amounted, on average, to 612.1 EUR ha−1, which in terms of tonne corresponded to a value of 30.6 EUR. The obtained results and the analysis presented in the paper may help in planning the cultivation of perennial energy crops in order to obtain biomass used for heating purposes on a farm.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of herbivory and the level and fluctuations of nutrient availability on dominance of alien plants in synthetic native communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Yingzhi Gao ◽  
Mark van Kleunen ◽  
Yanjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Other Hand

Numerous studies have tested the fluctuating resource hypothesis and highlighted the role of nutrient availability and fluctuations therein for invasion success of alien plants. Others have tested the enemy-release hypothesis and highlighted the role of herbivores in invasion success. However, how herbivory and the level and fluctuations in nutrient availability interact in driving alien plant invasion into resident communities remains largely unexplored. We grew eight invasive alien species as target species in pot‐mesocosms with five different synthetic native communities in a three-factorial design with two levels of nutrient availability (low vs high), two levels of nutrient fluctuations (constant vs pulsed) and two levels of herbivory (with vs without). Increases in nutrient availability, irrespective of whether it was constant or pulsed, significantly increased the absolute biomass production of the alien and native plants. The presence of herbivores, on the other hand, significantly decreased the biomass production of plants, in particular under high-nutrient availability. The relative biomass production of the alien target plants, on the other hand, decreased in response to an increase in nutrient availability, and increased in response to the presence of herbivores. We also found tentative evidence that herbivory could interact with changes in nutrient availability and nutrient fluctuations to affect the dominance of the alien target species (a marginally significant interaction; 90% CIs: [0.133, 2.745]). Our multispecies experiment indicates that herbivory could mediate the interactive effect of nutrient enrichment and variability in nutrient supply on invasion of alien plants into native communities. Therefore, we recommend that studies testing the fluctuating resources hypothesis should also consider interactive effect of other trophic levels.

scholarly journals A Method of Two-Level Simplification of Boolean Functions

1967 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Toshio Umezawa
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Automatic Computation ◽  
Prime Implicants ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group 1

There are a number of methods to find minimal two-level forms for a given Boolean function, e g. Harvard’s group [1], Veitch [2], Quine [3], [4], Karnaugh [5], Nelson [6], [7] etc,. This paper presents an approach which is suitable for mechanical or automatic computation, as the Harvard method and the Quine method are so. On the other hand, it shares the same property as the Veitch method in the sense that some of essential prime implicants may be found before all prime implicants are computed. It also adopts the procedure to reduce the necessary steps for computation which is shown in Lawler [8]. The method described is applicable to the interval of Boolean functions f, g such that f implies g where for simplification of sum form the variables occurring in g also occur in f and for product form the variables in f also occur in g.

Adaptation of an inoculum to 2,4,6-trichlorophenol biodegradation in an activated-sludge bioreactor

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Olguin Lora ◽  
M. Sjölund ◽  
C. Tracol ◽  
J. Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shock Load ◽  
Halogenated Compounds ◽  
A Value ◽  
Other Hand

The aim of this work is to study the acclimation of an activated sludge inoculum fed at a constant COD volumetric load, to a recalcitrant substrate: 2,4,6-TCP. Phenol was used as an inductive and energy-supplier co-substrate and was progressively replaced by TCP. A loss in TCP removal activity to a value of 40 and then 6% was the result of two events: a shock load due to the first TCP addition that had represented 5% of the COD volumetric load and a second shock achieved with a 100% TCP inlet. This last overload stage was characterized by the reduction of non-TCP halogenated compounds concentration in the reactor effluent. On the other hand, the progressive increase of TCP generated a loss in dehalogenation and mineralization activities while TCP removal rate remained high. A load of 11.3 mgCOD.g-1VSS.h-1 of TCP as sole carbon and energy source was achieved and was accompanied with a net biomass production.

Hydrophobic surface areas and net charges of αs1-, κ-casein and αs1-casein: κ-casein complex

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun'ichi Dosako ◽  
Shuichi Kaminogawa ◽  
Shin'ichi Taneya ◽  
Kunio Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrostatic Interaction ◽  
Hydrophobic Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Net Charge ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Net Charges

SummaryHydrophobic surface areas of αs1- and κ-casein polymers and αs1-casein: κ-casein complex were estimated by the salting-out technique using various salts according to the theory of Melander & Horvath (1977). Calculated hydrophobic surface areas of αs1, κ-casein polymers and αs1-casein: κ-casein complex were 1976, 3571 and 2989 Å2 respectively. Assuming that κ-casein polymer dissociated into 4 particles in complex formation and that 1 mole of αs1-casein: κ-casein complex was produced from 2 mole of αs1-casein polymer and one of these dissociated κ-casein particles, the hydrophobic surface area of αs1-casein: κ-casein complex was less than those of 2 mole of αs1-casein polymer plus a quarter κ-casein polymer. On the other hand, the net charge of αs1-casein: κ-casein complex was nearly equal to that of 2 mole of αs1-casein polymer plus a quarter of κ-casein polymer. From these results, it was concluded that the complex formation of αs1- and κ-casein polymers was hydrophobic and that electrostatic interaction did not participate in complex formation.

scholarly journals 41 Geometric change in valvular apparatus during tricuspid repair for severe tricuspid regurgitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Obase ◽  
I Matsumaru ◽  
S Nakaji ◽  
T Miura ◽  
K Eishi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Papillary Muscles ◽  
Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Transgastric Approach ◽  
Tricuspid Repair

Abstract Background For repairing severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with leaflet tethering, our team employs spiral suspension procedure, in which papillary muscles (PMs) are approximated and suspended towards annulus by suture in addition to annuloplasty. Purpose To visualize subtricuspid apparatus and investigate its geometric change by the procedure, comparing with annuloplasty alone. Methods 11 patients who underwent spiral suspension and 10 patients who underwent annuloplasty alone were studied. Using 3D dataset derived from transesophgeal echocardiography with transgastric approach, the distances between the mid septal annulus (point C) and the anterior PM tip (point A) and posterior PM (point P) were calculated. Also, annular perimeter, leaflet surface area and tenting height were measured Results In all cases, PM tips could be visualized and identified for the measurements. By spiral suspension, the distance CA and tenting height were significantly reduced. On the other hand, by annuloplasty alone, CA and tenting height were likely to be increased but statistically not significant. Conclusions Spiral suspension ameliorated leaflet tethering with relocating PMs. Annuloplasty alone reduced leaflet surface area, which indicates increase of coaptation surface. Interestingly, PM tip- annulus distance and tenting height were possibly increased by annuloplasty. Further investigation is need in large number. Result of measurements Annuloplasty alone Spiral suspension Pre-op Post-op Pre-op Post-op Annular perimeter, mm 120.9 ± 11.2 78.8 ± 5.1* 142.4 ± 18.2* 81.1 ± 6.4** Leaflet surface area, cm2 13.1 ± 3.1 5.6 ± 0.9* 19.3 ± 4.8* 5.8 ± 0.8** Tenting height, mm 2.8 ± 2.3 3.1 ± 1.2 7.0 ± 4.8* 2.9 ± 2.6** CA, mm 27.3 ± 3.9 29.1 ± 6.2 35.7 ± 6.9* 29.6 ± 5.2** CP, mm 33.1 ± 6.0 33.8 ± 9.4 38.5 ± 8.2 33.9 ± 6.1 *p < 0.05, vs Annuloplasty alone pre-op **p < 0.05, vs Spiral suspension pre-op Abstract 41 Figure. Pre- and post-operative valve apparatus

African trade of mangoes to OECD countries: disentangling the effects of compliance with maximum residue limits on production, export supply and import demand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ousmane Z Traoré ◽  
Lota D Tamini
Keyword(s):  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Export Supply ◽  
The One

Abstract This article theoretically and empirically disentangles the effects of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides on production, export supply and import demand. We adopt a modelling approach based on the costs and benefits associated with food safety standards and use our theoretical framework to assess the empirical net effects of MRLs for pesticides on African mango production and trade with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. On the one hand, we theoretically highlight that for a given production technology and a level of elasticity of production costs with respect to the MRL gap, producers will likely (probability and quantity) produce standard-compliant products if they are able to completely pass through the standard-compliance costs to the unit price they receive from exporters; otherwise, they will exit standard-compliant products market. On the other hand, we theoretically show that the net effects of the MRL gap on bilateral trade can be positive, zero or negative depending on the effects of consumers’ perceived quality (positive), trade costs (negative) and standard-compliant production cost (negative). We use a cross-sectional data set for 12 African countries that produced and exported MRL-compliant mangoes to 31 OECD countries in 2016. On the one hand, we find that the net effect of MRLs is positive for the level of standard-compliant mango production and negative for the probability of producing. On the other hand, they are positive in mango trade between African and OECD member countries. Our results highlight that the tightening or imposition of strict MRLs for pesticides in developed countries may be trade promoting, while they severely impede production in African countries.

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