scholarly journals Improving the energy efficiency of wide crossings of overhead power lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 01046
Author(s):  
Natalya Shevchenko ◽  
Anatoly Soshinov ◽  
Olga Elfimova ◽  
Julia Lebedeva ◽  
Olga Akhmedova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transmission Capacity ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Overhead Power Lines ◽  
Compact Design ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Economic Comparison

The use of new generation wires in the design of wide spans of overhead power lines over water barriers and large gorges can increase their transmission capacity and increase reliability. However, when large currents flow, load losses in line also increase. Thus, it is necessary to obtain a methodology for technical and economic comparison of design options for overhead power lines over large crossings, which enables to determine the most cost-effective version of the project with high mechanical reliability. For comparative analysis, five options for wide spans of overhead power lines over the river with new-generation wires of Russian production were compiled: Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced, Z-type (high conductivity), Thermal-Resistant Conductor, Aluminium Compozite Core Conductor, ASk2y. Option with Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced wire was taken as the source. For the first option, the crossing scheme E-A-A-E was selected, for the remaining options E-I-I-E scheme was considered. For the modes of maximum loads, minimum temperature and average annual conditions, the mechanical calculation of wires was carried out using the method of permissible stresses. The wire bending deflections were determined in accordance with the theory of the catenary curve. The method of integrated indicators was used to perform a technical and economic comparison of these options. The calculation results showed that among the proposed options, the most optimal is a crossing with the ACCC wire having minimum relative investment per 1 MW of transmitted electricity and minimal power loss. The transmission capacity of the line with this wire is increased by 1.8 times, and the cost of crossing is reduced by 16%. Due to the compact design of wire, the probability of ice formation on wire is reduced, and the reduced bending deflection reduces the probability of wire break due to natural environmental influences.

scholarly journals FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE APPLICABILITY OF APPLYING THE HOT RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY FOR REPAIR OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5(57)) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Savenko ◽  
Sergii Illiash ◽  
Tetiana Stasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Rate Estimate ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Recycling Technology ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Asphalt Concrete Pavement ◽  
Economic Comparison

The main technological solutions for the current repair of non-rigid pavement in Ukraine are identified. The cost assessment of repair technologies was carried out depending on the cost of arrangement of the pavement and its maintenance. The technical and economic comparison of traditional technologies of current repair of asphalt concrete pavement and technologies of hot regeneration of asphalt concrete is carried out. An expert method and a method of comparison were used in the research. To calculate the comparative economic efficiency, the indicator of reduced costs was taken into account with the risk-free discount rate. Estimate calculations were performed using the software CMETA_8_Online. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it is established when comparing only the cost of repairs, the most cost-effective methods of renovating the riding qualities of roads are surface treatment and hot recycling technology by the Reshape method. Technologies of hot regeneration of asphalt concrete and arrangement of wear layers from cast emulsion and mineral mixes are cost-effective when carrying out the comparison for interrepair (5 years for current average repair) period.

scholarly journals The infrastructure cost planning model : an integrated solution to cost effective design

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shian Hemraj Saroop
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Report ◽  
Effective Design

Infrastructure project costs are being scrutinised more closely and with greater skill and accuracy as projects have become larger, more complex and more expensive, and clients have become more exacting in their requirements. These and other factors compel engineers to design with greater care and in more detail. However, public planners spend very little time generating alternative project options, often presenting decision-makers with only a few poorly differentiated alternatives borrowed ad hoc from other projects. Even more disturbing is that they often devote the greatest amount of decision making resources to the development of a single decision rather than a variety of options. A systematic and iterative analysis of the cost consequences of different design solutions is commonly suggested for infrastructure projects, but rarely happens. There is a growing need to integrate design and costs. This study concentrates on the issue of cost optimisation of infrastructure projects (particularly at the design stage of the project) and applies construction economics, cost planning, cost optimisation and value engineering techniques to the design of such projects. The methodology proposed in this study for the optimisation of cost and design planning is the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model. This model divides the planning of a project into four stages and utilises twelve Cost Report Forms across these stages. The Cost Report Forms define in a comprehensive, precise and verifiable manner the essential characteristics of a deliverable component. They are used to measure, quantify, verify and audit the different design options. By means of the Cost Report Forms, the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model enables the client to select a combination of alternatives and evaluate a number of possible design options – with their cost implications – at each stage of the design process. This i promotes transparency and accountability, and enables consultants and clients to have greater control over the planning process and overall costs. Two case studies on infrastructure related projects were conducted and confirm that the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model can reduce costs. This study demonstrates that it is possible to overcome the problem of over expenditure by introducing cost effective design decisions prior to the infrastructure design approval process. The Infrastructure Cost Planning Model can improve infrastructure standards and procure design in a cost effective, equitable, competitive and transparent manner. This study contributes to the underdeveloped area of cost planning and forecasting of infrastructure projects. The findings are relevant to the South African government's infrastructure service delivery programme and the general issue of affordable infrastructure services.

Wind Turbine Structural Dynamics – A Review of the Principles for Modern Power Generation, Onshore and Offshore

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan van der Tempel ◽  
David-Pieter Molenaar
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Structure Form ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Lightweight Structures ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Cost

Wind turbines for electricity production have two seemingly opposing constraints; they need to be structural secure yet of low cost. To meet the first constraint, it would be an obvious choice to design a stiff structure of consequently large mass but this would drive up the cost. By reducing the mass a more cost effective turbine can be realized. However, such lightweight structures are by definition more flexible. To design a cost effective flexible system, thorough understanding of the dynamics is essential. This paper reviews the theoretical basics of the dynamic design options and applies these to realistic situations, including offshore machines under wave action. The wind energy converter and the support structure form an integrated dynamic system that must be developed in mutual interdependency and close co-operation. This paper provides a contribution to this integration process by extending the design approach initiated in the Opti-OWECS study [1] and the work of Kühn [2].

scholarly journals Consideration of climate change-induced corrosion by structural codes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nogal ◽  
Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga ◽  
Helena Maria dos Santos Gervásio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Problem Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

<p>The impact of climate change on ambient temperature and relative humidity along with the present CO2 levels are speeding the corrosion process of reinforced concrete structures. The alarming cost of the associated reduction of the service life of structures, which is estimated to cost 3% to 4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of industrialized countries, has put the spotlight on the importance of introducing the issue of climate change on the new generation of Eurocodes. Amongst the strategies to tackle the problem, design-phase measures seem not to be always cost- effective, nevertheless, measures during service-life are generally the most expensive. This paper discusses the potential strategies to be addressed by structural codes to tackle the problem of climate change-induced corrosion, considering aspects such as the cost-benefit analysis, viability, and the large uncertainty involved in climate change evolution.</p>

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF CORPORATE DIGITAL ANNUAL REPORTING

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Harpreet Singh Walia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Medium ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Reporting Process ◽  
Annual Reporting ◽  
Internet Medium ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation

Corporate reporting process has undergone a complete makeover in the recent times. It has affected companies and stakeholders in the most positive way as ever. Emergence of digital annual reporting is also one of the paramount changes that is slowly taking the place of old traditional printed annual reports. Nowadays many companies are using digital annual reporting as an effective medium to distribute its annual reports to the stakeholders. Digital annual reporting use the electronic coupled with internet medium for fast and cost-effective corporate reporting. The benefits are much more than the cost of this new generation method. Hence now many companies understand the significance of digital annual reporting and are trying to embed the medium as an essential part of their reporting practices. But this medium is also not free from defects and shortcomings. In this article a brief evaluation of digital annual reporting is being done to find out the various benefits and limitations of using digital annual reporting by the corporate companies.

Pre- or post-denitrification at biological filter works? A case study

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dee ◽  
N. James ◽  
I. Jones ◽  
J. Strickland ◽  
J. Upton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Biological Filter ◽  
Fluidised Beds ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Comparison ◽  
Low Rate

Pilot plant studies were conducted to evaluate the use of pre-denitrification for nitrogen removal at low-rate biological filter works. The plant was operated over a range of recycle ratios to determine the optimum operating conditions. It was possible to meet a total nitrogen limit of 15 mg TN/l with a 2:1 ratio of recycled filter effluent to settled sewage. Following the studies, an economic comparison was made to compare the costs of pre-denite plant with post-denitrification in tertiary sand filters. The cost-effectiveness of the pre-denite process depended on the price of the external carbon source used in post-denite plant. Biological fluidised beds were shown to be the most cost-effective type of pre-denite plant.

scholarly journals Economic Comparison of Initial Vine Density, Nitrogen Rate, and Weed Management Strategy in Commercial Cranberry

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary A. Sandler ◽  
Carolyn J. DeMoranville ◽  
Wesley R. Autio
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Production Scheme ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Comparison

A 2-year field trial examined the interaction of nitrogen rate, vine density, and weed management options for establishing new cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) plantings. Utilizing the vigorous hybrid, `Stevens', the cost-efficiency of the treatment combinations was evaluated by combining cranberry and weed biomass data with various economic estimates. The most cost-effective production scheme for establishing new cranberry beds is to plant vines at a low density, use moderate rates of nitrogen, and apply an annual application of a preemergence herbicide. This combination produced substantial vine coverage at very low cost, reduced weed biomass by 85% compared to untreated plots, and gave the best weed control per dollar spent. Growers may opt for other reasonably successful combinations that involve higher labor costs if they can produce their own cuttings (reducing initial costs) or if they are farming with the intent to reduce overall synthetic inputs.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schulz ◽  
M. Jünger ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

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