biological filter
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline dos Reis Souza ◽  
Mateus Pimentel de Matos ◽  
Luciene Alves Batista Siniscalchi ◽  
Ronaldo Fia

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of a complementary aerobic treatment composed of a submerged aerated biological filter (SABF) with a secondary clarifier (SC), followed by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs), after anaerobic units, on the ability to remove pollutants in different aeration phases (Ph1, Ph2, and Ph3) at the effluent treatment station of the Parque Francisco de Assis (PFA) dog shelter. Ph1 and Ph2 had 7 and 5 hours of daily aeration, respectively, and Ph3 had intermittent aeration every 2 hours. The phases were monitored regarding the removal efficiency of organic matter, solids, nutrients (N, P), coliforms, and detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. It was found that post-treatment provided greater removal efficiencies and that the aeration strategy of Ph3 showed mean efficiencies of 71% for COD removal and 77% for BOD removal, being similar or statistically higher, even with less biodegradable effluent, than those of Ph1 and Ph2. The SABF and SC removed N by nitrification and denitrification, leaving a total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentration in the effluent of 18 mg L−1. The CW showed potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), in addition to solid filtration. The system did not satisfactorily remove thermotolerant coliforms (ThermC) (1 ± 0 log). PCR suggested the presence of the pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium in all post-treatment units in Ph1 and Ph2.


Eng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-324
Author(s):  
Andrés Pérez-González ◽  
Verónica Pinos-Vélez ◽  
Isabel Cipriani-Avila ◽  
Mariana Capparelli ◽  
Eliza Jara-Negrete ◽  
...  

Among emerging pollutants, endocrine disruptors such as estradiol are of most concern. Conventional water treatment technologies are not capable of removing this compound from water. This study aims to assess a method that combines physicochemical and biological strategies to eliminate estradiol even when there are other compounds present in the water matrix. Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite and zeolite were used to remove estradiol in a medium with sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, and nicotine using a Plackett–Burman experimental design; each treatment was followed by biological filtration with Daphnia magna. Results showed between 40 to 92% estradiol adsorption in clays; no other compounds present in the mixture were adsorbed. The most significant factors for estradiol adsorption were the presence of nicotine and triclosan which favored the adsorption, the use of Ca-montmorillonite, Zeolite, and time did not favor the adsorption of estradiol. After the physicochemical treatment, Daphnia magna was able to remove between 0–93% of the remaining estradiol. The combination of adsorption and biological filtration in optimal conditions allowed the removal of 98% of the initial estradiol concentration.


Author(s):  
Maiara Luzia Grigoli OLIVIO ◽  
Elizângela Flávia Jacob ESTEVES ◽  
Dagmar Aparecida de Marco FERRO

Água, um recurso natural essencial à vida, para se adequar ao consumo deve ser pura, livre de quaisquer substâncias. Geralmente, o sulfato de alumínio seja o coagulante químico utilizado nas Estações de Tratamentos para a clarificação da água, produz um lodo tóxico rico em alumínio de difícil deposição no ambiente. Entretanto, coagulantes naturais de origem vegetal como sementes de Moringa oleífera têm demonstrado vantagens em comparação aos químicos, pela simplicidade de uso e baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a eficiência da semente de Moringa oleífera quando associada ao filtro biológico para clarificação de água bruta. À vista disso, como delineamento experimental, foram realizados dois testes com duas repetições cada, sendo que o primeiro teste buscou avaliar a eficiência do filtro biológico, apenas com a passagem de água bruta, e o segundo procurou avaliar a eficiência da água tratada pelas sementes de Moringa, quando adicionadas ao sistema de filtragem. Para o sistema de filtração, foram utilizados três recipientes e instalados de forma decrescente. O primeiro recipiente foi utilizado como decantador para a adição da água bruta tratada com as sementes, o segundo foi utilizado como filtro biológico obtendo divisões para os meios filtrantes como cascalhos, cerâmicas, carvão ativado e o terceiro recipiente, para o recebimento de água filtrada. As amostras de água bruta foram coletadas na Estação de Tratamento de Água e as sementes colhidas no plantio de própria espécie. Foram realizadas análises comparativas do aspecto físico (turbidez) e químico (pH) da água filtrada, água tratada e filtrada, respectivamente, com a água bruta (controle) de cada teste, de modo que as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida do teste de Tukey (p<0,05), pela qual as diferenças significativas foram apresentadas por gráficos. De acordo com os resultados, o filtro biológico demonstra eficiência ao clarificar apenas a água bruta e quando adicionada a água tratada ao sistema de filtragem, o processo de clarificação se torna mais eficaz, pois reduz a turbidez e não altera o pH. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento da água bruta, por meio do coagulante vegetal e filtro biológico, apresenta-se como um método alternativo para a clarificação, uma vez que seja preciso controlar o período de filtração, comprovando-se que 10 h de filtragem corresponde ao melhor tempo determinado para a redução da turbidez e estabilidade do pH, dado que o aumento desse período prejudica a qualidade da água.   USE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED AND BIOLOGICAL FILTER AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR RAW WATER CLARIFICATION   ABSTRACT Water, a natural resource essential to life, it must be pure for proper consumption, free of any substances. Generally, aluminum sulfate is the chemical coagulant used in Treatment Plants for water clarification, although it produces a toxic sludge that is rich in aluminum and difficult to deposition in the environment. However, natural coagulants of plant origin such as Moringa oleifera seeds have shown advantages over chemicals, due to their simplicity of use and low cost. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the Moringa oleifera seeds when associated with the biological filter for raw water clarification. In view of this, as an experimental design, two tests were carried out with two repetitions each, the first test sought to evaluate the efficiency of the biological filter, only with the raw water flow, and the second evaluated the efficiency of the water treated by the Moringa seeds, when added to the filtration system. For the filtration system, three containers were used, and they were downwardly installed. The first container was used as a decanter for the addition of raw water treated with seeds, the second was used as a biological filter with divisions for filter media such as gravel, ceramics, activated carbon and the third container was filled with filtered water. The raw water samples were collected at the Water Treatment Station and the seeds were harvested from the planting of the same species. It was performed a comparative analysis of physical (turbidity) and chemical (pH) aspects of filtered water, treated and filtered water, respectively with the raw water (control) of each test, so that the variables were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test (p <0.05), in which the significant differences were represented by graphics. According to the results, the biological filter shows to be efficient in clarifying only raw water and when the treated water is added to the filtration system, the clarifying process becomes more effective, since it reduces turbidity and does not alter the pH. It can be concluded that the treatment of raw water through vegetable coagulant and biological filter is an alternative method for clarification, as it is necessary to control the filtration period, proving that 10 hours of filtration corresponds to the best time determined for the reduction of the turbidity and pH stability, provided that the increase of this period affects the water quality.   Descriptors: Moringa Seeds, Biological Filter, Treatment, Comparative Parameters.


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