scholarly journals The influence of Gas Type on a Thermal Mass Flowmeter Calibration Results

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oras ABBAS ◽  
Fabrice Mouchel
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
K Factor ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Process Gases ◽  
Sweeping Gas ◽  
The Impact

The Thermal Mass Flowmeters (TMFMs) have been used for more than twenty years in the industry for various uses, including sweeping, gas injection, and welding. Their operational behaviors are still not well understood by operators. TMFMs, could be used with multiple process gases, and sometimes, highly toxic gases and they are generally calibrated with nitrogen or air. In the case of using a surrogate gas for calibration, a correction factor (k-factor) is required to estimate the flow of the process gas. Most of the time, these correction factors are indicated in the manufacturer’s instructions manual. In the field of metrology, k-factor plays a significant role in calibration results. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of gas type used in calibration on the results if the process gas is employed or a surrogate gas with the recommended k-factor. The aim of this paper therefore is to discuss and evaluate the impact of using manufacturers k-factor in place of the actual process gas during calibration. The tests results presented within this article are considered concerning within the field of metrology.

scholarly journals The influence of Gas Type on a Thermal Mass Flowmeter Calibration Results

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oras ABBAS ◽  
Fabrice Mouchel
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
K Factor ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Process Gases ◽  
Sweeping Gas ◽  
The Impact

The Thermal Mass Flowmeters (TMFMs) have been used for more than twenty years in the industry for various uses, including sweeping, gas injection, and welding. Their operational behaviors are still not well understood by operators. TMFMs, could be used with multiple process gases, and sometimes, highly toxic gases and they are generally calibrated with nitrogen or air. In the case of using a surrogate gas for calibration, a correction factor (k-factor) is required to estimate the flow of the process gas. Most of the time, these correction factors are indicated in the manufacturer’s instructions manual. In the field of metrology, k-factor plays a significant role in calibration results. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of gas type used in calibration on the results if the process gas is employed or a surrogate gas with the recommended k-factor. The aim of this paper therefore is to discuss and evaluate the impact of using manufacturers k-factor in place of the actual process gas during calibration. The tests results presented within this article are considered concerning within the field of metrology.

scholarly journals A new approach to radon temporal correction factor based on active environmental monitoring devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dicu ◽  
B. D. Burghele ◽  
M. Botoş ◽  
A. Cucoș ◽  
G. Dobrei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Smart Device ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Indoor Radon Concentration ◽  
Radon Measurements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Monitoring Devices ◽  
Temporal Correction

AbstractThe present study aims to identify novel means of increasing the accuracy of the estimated annual indoor radon concentration based on the application of temporal correction factors to short-term radon measurements. The necessity of accurate and more reliable temporal correction factors is in high demand, in the present age of speed. In this sense, radon measurements were continuously carried out, using a newly developed smart device accompanied by CR-39 detectors, for one full year, in 71 residential buildings located in 5 Romanian cities. The coefficient of variation for the temporal correction factors calculated for combinations between the start month and the duration of the measurement presented a low value (less than 10%) for measurements longer than 7 months, while a variability close to 20% can be reached by measurements of up to 4 months. Results obtained by generalized estimating equations indicate that average temporal correction factors are positively associated with CO2 ratio, as well as the interaction between this parameter and the month in which the measurement took place. The impact of the indoor-outdoor temperature differences was statistically insignificant. The obtained results could represent a reference point in the elaboration of new strategies for calculating the temporal correction factors and, consequently, the reduction of the uncertainties related to the estimation of the annual indoor radon concentration.

scholarly journals Thermo-physical characteristics of building integrated phase change materials (PCM) and their applicability to energy efficient homes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Lower Phase ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
The Impact

The applicability of utilizing a variety of thermal mass including phase change materials with commonly used building materials is investigated through the use of simulations and physical testing. The thermal performance and occupant comfort potential of a novel solid-solid phase change material, known as Dal HSM, is compared and contrasted to commonly available forms of thermal mass. Detailed experimentation is conducted to successfully integrate Dal HSM with gypsum and concrete. The measurement of physical characteristics such as compressive strength and modulus of rupture is conducted to ensure that the PCM-composite compound retains the structural integrity to be utilized in a typical building. The use of thermal mass in the Toronto Net Zero house was found to contribute to energy savings of 10-15% when different types of thermal mass were used. The comfort level of the indoor occupants was also found to increase. The performance of Dal HSM was found to be comparable to a commercially available PCM known as Micronal in the heating mode. The cooling mode revealed that Dal HSM provided slightly lower energy savings when compared to Micronal due to a lower phase transition temperature and latent heat. The performance of physical test revealed a decrease in the compressive strength as the concentration of Dal HSM was increased in the PCM-gypsum specimens. Tests were also performed to analyze the impact of increasing the PCM concentration on the flexural strength of PCM-gypsum composite.

Methane Emissions Reduction Solutions: Product Development and Standardization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Garceau ◽  
Amar Jawalkar ◽  
Ryan McKennon ◽  
Christopher Moffatt ◽  
Anthony Pocengal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Blow Down ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Methane Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Oil & Gas industry and environmental agencies around the world are working to find solutions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A comprehensive study by the US EPA found that emissions from compressor stations, blow down and purge, accounted for 97.7 Bscf or just over 31% of the total methane emissions attributed to the Natural Gas industry. [1] With methane (CH4) having 25 times the impact on global warming compared to carbon dioxide (CO2), and global legislation like the Regulations Respecting Reduction in the Release of Methane and Certain Volatile Organic Compounds Upstream Oil and Gas Sector (or also called Canadian Methane Rule) and regional methane reduction regulations, developing solutions to further mitigate methane emissions from process gas vents and centrifugal gas compressor seals becomes necessary as the industry moves towards near-zero targets. This paper addresses the design requirements and selection of a process gas vent recapture system and primary dry seal vent recapture system. In addition, this paper will review the design consideration during the design phase to the data collected during site operation.

scholarly journals The impact of fog nozzle type on the distribution of mass spray density

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktor Wąsik ◽  
Agata Walczak ◽  
Tomasz Węsierski
Keyword(s):  
Spray Angle ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Stream Structure ◽  
High K ◽  
Spray Density ◽  
K Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Uniform Droplet ◽  
Nozzle Type

This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of nozzle type on a mass spray density. The results indicated that the most uniform droplet distribution and spraying area was observed for the impact nozzle P 54. The highest mass spray density and the lowest spraying were noticed for the spiral nozzle TF 6. The high values of mass spray density for TF 6 nozzle were associated with the high K-factor value and the low spray angle. The results also showed that the construction of spiral nozzles influence the stream structure. The value of average mass spray density was twice as low for CW-50 F nozzle compared to TF 6.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within Municipal Biowaste Compost

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stegenta ◽  
Sobieraj ◽  
Pilarski ◽  
Koziel ◽  
Białowiec
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
O2 Evolution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Process Gases

Composting processes reduce the weight and volume of biowaste and produce products that can be used in agriculture (e.g., as fertilizer). Despite the benefits of composting, there are also problems such as odors and the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. This research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of process gas (CO, CO2, NO, O2) evolution within a large-scale municipal composter. The effects of turning frequency and pile location (outdoor vs. indoors) on process gas and temperature spatial and temporal evolution were studied in six piles (37‒81 tons of initial weight) over a six-month period. The biowaste consisted of green waste and municipal sewage sludge. The chemical composition and temperature of process gases within four cross sections with seven sampling locations were analyzed weekly for ~7–8 weeks (a total of 1375 cross sections). The aeration degree, temperature, CO, CO2, and NO concentration and their spatial and temporal distribution were analyzed. Final weight varied from 66% reduction to 7% weight gain. Only 8.2% of locations developed the desired chimney effect (utilizing natural buoyancy to facilitate passive aeration). Only 31.1% of locations reached thermophilic conditions (necessary to inactivate pathogens). Lower O2 levels corresponded with elevated CO2 concentrations. CO production increased in the initial composting phase. Winter piles were characterized by the lowest CO content. The most varied was the NO distribution in all conditions. The O2 concentration was lowest in the central part of the pile, and aeration conditions were good regardless of the technological regime used. Turning once a week was sufficient overall. Based on the results, the most favorable recommended procedure is turning twice a week for the first two weeks, followed by weekly turning for the next two weeks. After that, turning can be stopped unless additional removal of moisture is needed. In this case, weekly turning should continue until the process is completed. The size of the pile should follow the surface-to-volume ratio: <2.5 and <2 for cooler ambient conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document